tia/onkla — aunt/uncle
sinior/madam — sir/madam. Genitive
Genitive is formed with the particle -ney (hyphenated):
sedey-ney sivilisasion — the today's civilization
mata-ney kitaba — mother's book
Alex-ney jaketa — the jacket of Alex.
Nouns meaning action
The correspondence between noun's form and its meaning is basically the following:
Meaning Nouns for i-verbs Nouns for other verbs (type 1) (type 2) Act and its manifestation/instance/result/resulting state -a -sa The very action as process; repeated action;
occupation, hobby, sport -ing -ing
Examples:
adi — to add
ada — addition (both act of adding and what is added)
konvinsi — to convince
konvinsa — persuasion, conviction, convictions, beliefs
konekti — to connect
konekta — connection
judi — to judge
juda — judgement (both judging and decision)
reflekti — to reflect
reflekta — reflection (action as well as image)
inviti — to invite
invita — invitation
inuspiri — to inhale
inuspira — inhalation
lubi — to love
luba — love
darbi — to strike
darba — strike
jivi — to live
jiva — life
joi — to rejoice
joisa — joy
gun — to work
gunsa — work
jan — to know
jansa — knowledge
begin — to begin
beginsa — beginning
kan — to look
kansa — a look
flai — to fly
flaisa — flight
krai — to cry
kraisa — a cry
prei — to pray
preisa — prayer
zwo — to do
zwoing — doing
go — to go
going — going; course
swimi — to swim
swiming — swimming
fishi — to fish
fishing — fishing
ski — to ski
skiing — skiing
boxi — to box
boxing — boxing
fumi — to smoke
fuming — smoking
bru — to brew
bruing — brewing
piloti — to pilot
piloting — piloting.
A note: if verb ends in -i, that ending is replaced with -ing; in other cases -ing is added. The only exception is monosyllabic i-verbs (ski to ski, pi to drink ): in their case -ing is added (skiing, piing).
An important remark: "ng" in this suffix may be read simply as "n". The suffix is never stressed.
Further examples:
shuti — to shoot
shuta — a shot
shuting — shooting
gloti — to swallow
glota — a swallow
gloting — swallowing
kiki — to kick
kika — a kick
kiking — kicking
kliki — to click
klika — a click
kliking — clicking
salti — to jump
salta — a jump
salting — jumping
lansi — to throw
lansa — a throw
lansing — throwing. The concretizing suffixes -(i)ka, -tura, -wat
The suffix -(i)ka has the meaning "object, thing, something concrete":
mole — soft
molika — pulp
nove — new
novika — something new, novelty
metal — metal
metalka — a metal thing
brili — to shine
brilika — something shining
ofni — to open
ofnika — opener
plei — to play
pleika — toy, plaything
Derivation: in adjectives ending in -e and nouns ending in -a, this last vowel is transformed into -ika; in other cases -ka is added. With monosyllabic i-verbs, -ika is added with a hyphen:
ski — ski-ika
pi — pi-ika.
It should be reminded that the ending -ika is unstressed.
On the whole, one can regard this suffix as an equivalent of "kosa" (thing) or "koysa" (something). Thus the suffix -(i)ka is polysemantic, the exact meaning of a word following from the context. In order to be more precise, one can use the suffixes -er (tool, device), -tura (stresses the result, product of action), or -wat (indicates the object of action).
The suffix -tura denotes an end result/product of action:
produkti — to produce
produktura — produce, output
mixi — to mix
mixitura — mixture
solvi — to dissolve
solvitura — solution
texi — to weave
texitura — fabric, tissue
sekwi — to follow
sekwitura — consequence
derivi — to derive
derivitura — derivative
shwo — to say
shwotura — saying
Derivation: just added to a verb, however -titura=> -tura, -ditura=> -dura. NB: In some words like ‘temperatura’, ‘natura’ ‘tura’ is not a suffix.
The suffix -wat denotes object of action:
pi — to drink
piwat — beverage
chi — to eat
chiwat — food, eaten things
rosti — to roast
rostiwat — roast (meat)
sendi — to send
sendiwat — something sent
konteni — to contain
konteniwat — contents
Derivation: just added to a verb.
One can distinguish between mixiwat (something mixed, an ingredient) and mixitura (mixture, a result of mixing), solviwat (dissolved thing) and solvitura (resulting solution). The suffixes of doer and tool
The suffix -er means both doer (person) and tool/ device/appliance.
When added to a verb, the final -i of the verb is dropped (except for the monosyllabic verbs ending in -i). When added to a noun, the final -a of the noun is dropped. In other cases -er is just added:
kapti — to capture, catch
kapter — trap or trapper/catcher
lekti — to read
lekter — reader (person or device)
vendi — to sell
vender — seller
kondukti — to conduct (heat etc.)
kondukter — conductor
zwo — to do
zwoer — doer
shwo — to speak
shwoer — speaker
ofni — to open
ofner — opener
banka — bank
banker — banker
ski — to ski
skier — skier
politika — politics
politiker — politician
milka — milk
milki — to milk
milker — milker (person or device)
astronomia — astronomy
astronomier — astronomer
historia — history
historier — historian
plei — play
pleier — player (person or device)
milion — million
milioner — millionaire
yuwel — jewel
yuweler — jeweller
To specify the meaning of doer, the suffix -sha may be used which is derived from the active participle marker -she; it is used only with verbs:
milki — to milk
milki-sha — milker (person)
plei — to play