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Secondary sourcesAdelson, Howard L. “The Holy Lance and the Hereditary German Monarchy,” The Art Bulletin 48/2, 1966Airlie, Stuart “After Empire – Recent Work on the Emergence of Post-Carolingian Kingdoms,” Early Medieval Europe 2/2, 1993Alexander, Paul J. “Byzantium and the Migration of Literary Works and Motifs: The Legend of the Last Roman Emperor,” Medievala et Humanistica 2 1971Alexander, Paul J. “The Medieval Legend of the Last Roman Emperor and its Messianic Origin,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes

41 1978Alexander, Paul J. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1985Ali, Shaukat Millenarian and Messianic Tendencies in Islamic History Lahore, 1993Allen, Roland “Gerbert, Pope Silvester II,” English Historical Review 28 1892Allen Brown, R. The Normans and the Norman Conquest London, 1969Althoff, Gerd Otto III, tr. Phyllis G. Jestice Pennsylvania, 1996Armstrong, Karen: Muhammed: A Western Attempt to Understand Islam London, 1992Arnold, Benjamin Medieval Germany 500–1300: A Political Interpretation London, 1997Ashbridge, Thomas The First Crusade: A New History London, 2004Assaad, Sadik A. The Reign of Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah (386/996-411/1021): A Political Study Beirut, 1974Atkinson, Leigh “When the Pope was a Mathematician,” College Mathematics Journal 11 2005Augenti, Andrea Il Palatino nel Medioevo: Archeologia e Topografia (Secoli VI—XIII) Rome, 1996Bachrach, Bernard S. Early Medieval Jewish Policy Minneapolis, 1977Bachrach, Bernard S. “Pope Sergius IV and the Foundation of the Monastery at Beaulieu-lès-Loches,” Revue Bénédictine 95 1985Bachrach, Bernard S. Fulk Nerra: the Neo-Roman Consul, 98— 1040 Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993Barbero, Alessandro Charlemagne: Father of a Continent