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Index
Abakumov, V.S., 340
Abkhazia, 560
Abkhazians, 424, 481, 560
abortion, 143, 422
Abuladze, Tengiz, 415, 450
Achalov, Vladislav, 524
acquiescence, social, 146, 243–4, 250;
see also apathy
Adenauer, Konrad, 353
administrators: courted by Bolsheviks, 95; working-class, 96–7; and state centralism, 98, 111; recruits to, 145; material rewards and privileges, 193, 320–21, 371, 410, 550; under Stalin, 236–7, 240–43; indoctrination, 324; discontent, 329; obstructiveness under Khrushchëv, 360; and Khrushchëv’s reforms, 370–71; attitude to work, 417; complaints against, 424–5; and Yeltsin’s reforms, 514–15; under privatization, 538–9; see also managers
Adzharians, 424
Adzhubei, Aleksei, 347
Afanasev, Yuri, 460, 473, 475
Afghanistan: USSR invades (1979), 411; Soviet withdrawal from, 443, 465, 469, 480; costs, 469; American-led invasion (2002), 555
Africa, 389
Aganbegyan, Abel, 450, 492
Agitprop Department (of Party Central Committee), 132
Agrarian Party, 530
agriculture: pre-World War I development, 5, 7; World War I production, 79, 181; backwardness, 91; predominance, 147; improves under NEP, 155; diversification in, 163; prices, 164, 173, 263–4; low output, 181; mechanization, 181–2; under Five-Year Plans, 194–5; post-World War II disputes over, 302, 320; Khrushchëv’s reforms, 320, 347, 349–51, 401–2; Brezhnev’s policy on, 380, 400–403; increased production under Brezhnev, 385; 1980 output, 401; ‘links’ system, 401–2; Gorbachëv proposes reforms, 440, 470–71; inefficiency, 467; and imports, 470; stimulated 535, 542, 551, 558; see also collectivization; harvests
Aitmatov, Chingiz, 415
Akhmatova, Anna, 139, 248, 281, 319, 365, 573
Akvarium, 543
Albania: and end of World War II, 272; condemns Brezhnev Doctrine, 388; criticizes Soviet leadership, 409; survival of communism in, 484
Albert II of Monaco, Prince, 558
alcohol and alcoholism, 417, 439, 467–9, 518
Alekseev, General Mikhail, 102, 113
Aleksei, Tsarevich, 20, 33
Aleksi, Patriarch, 282, 369, 538, 547
Alexander II, Tsar, 6–7; assassinated, 18
Alexander III, Tsar, 71
Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II, 20, 27
alienation, social, 397, 412–13
Aliev, Geidar, 424, 456
Alksnis, Colonel Viktor, 480
Allende, Salvador, 389, 399
Allies (1915–18): view of Lenin, 70; and conduct of war, 107
Allilueva, Nadezhda (Stalin’s wife), 195, 315
Allilueva, Svetlana (Stalin’s daughter), 317, 324
All-People’s Union of Struggle for Russia’s Regeneration, 200
All-Russia Congress of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies see Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies
‘All-Russia’ (party), 547
All-Ukrainian National Congress (1917), 40
All-Union Congress of Soviets: First (1922), 133; Fifth (1929), 175.
Alma-Ata: protests in, 456
alphabet (Cyrillic), 206
Al-Qaida, 555
Andreev, Andrei, 170, 241, 302, 402
Andreeva, Nina, 458, 497
Andrei, Archbishop of Chernigov, 370
Andropov, Yuri: mission to Hungary, 343; made KGB chairman, 385; and reform, 410, 428–31, 433–4, 439, 469, 490; and succession to Brezhnev, 426; appointed General Secretary, 428; background and career, 428–9; character and beliefs, 429; employs Gorbachëv, 430–31, 433, 437; foreign policy, 431–2, 442; and tensions with USA, 432–3; health decline and death, 433
Anglo-Soviet agreement (1941), 268, 271
Anglo-Soviet Trade Treaty (1921), 126, 158
Angola, 399
Anpilov, Viktor, 524
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 555
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1973), 399
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 230
Anti-Fascist Jewish Committee, 316
Anti-Party Group, 346–7, 360
anti-Semitism see Jews
Antonov-Ovseenko, V.A., 162
apartments see housing
apathy, social and political, 83, 243–4, 420, 566
Archangel, 102
Argentina, 401
Arguments and Facts (journal), 449, 479–80
aristocracy: calls for reforms, 17; see also gentry
armaments industry, 4, 28, 255, 266, 275–6, 304, 329, 535–6, 552
armed forces: pre-revolutionary discontent in, 37–8; support Right, 54; form revolutionary committee, 56; democratization after revolution, 67, 87; soldiers granted direct action, 69; demobilization, 86; mutinies, 119; conscription to, 120, 255, 285; Soviet expenditure on, 329; corrupt management 533; army incompetence 533; under Yeltsin 536; see also Soviet Army, Chechnya
Armenia: and Provisional Government collapse, 60; as independent state, 83; Mensheviks in, 83; conflict with Georgia and Azerbaijan, 113; Soviet republic formed, 114, 207; status, 129; and Nagorny Karabakh, 133, 457; repressed under Khrushchëv, 369; terrorist acts, 412; 1988 earthquake, 468–9; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 506