22. Maulde, 294.
23. Roeder, 222.
24. Ibid., 397.
25. Castiglione, 188.
26. Ibid., 310.
27. Ibid., 304.
28. Ibid., 306.
29. Ibid., 286.
30. Cartwright, Baldassare Castiglione, II, 430.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Burckhardt, 226.
2. Pastor, I, 13–7; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 96–7; Symonds, Revival, 258.
3. Cf. Sellery, Renaissance, 202Î.
4. Pastor, I, 19–21; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 98.
5. Pastor, V, 115; Burckhardt, 36–7; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 58; Sismondi, 739; Symonds, Age of the Despots, 570–2; but these rely on Paolo Giovio, an historian favorable to the popes.
6. Burckhardt, 267.
7. In Portogliotti, The Borgias, 60.
8. In Symonds, Revival, 469.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Pastor, I, 117; Creighton, I, 566–9.
2. In Pastor, I, 124.
3. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 486.
4. Pastor, VII, 339; Creighton, I, 161.
5. Lea, H. C, History of Auricular Confession, III, 65.
6. Creighton, I, 147.
7. Ibid., 168.
8. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, 52, 59; Hearnshaw, Medieval Contributions to Civilization, 67.
9. Emerton, E., Defensor Pacts of Marsiglio of Padua, 70–2.
10. Pastor, I, 184.
11. Niem in Milman, VII, 235n.
12. Creighton, I, 273.
13. Milman, VII, 460.
14. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 41
15. In Ogg, F. A., Source Book of Medieval History, 391.
16. Creighton, I, 297.
17. Cambridge Medieval History, VIII, 8n.
18. Creighton, IV, 8.
19. In Pastor, I, 241.
20. Creighton, II, 272; Pastor I, 284.
21. Creighton, IV, 44.
22. Ogg, 393–7.
23. Pastor, II, 215.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 620f; Pastor, II, 258.
25. Creighton, IV, 71.
CHAPTER XV
1. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, VI, 558.
2. Lanciani, Golden Days of the Renaissance, 78–80.
3. Burckhardt, 105.
4. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 435.
5. Cf. Pastor, VII, 104.
6. Pastor, I, 169.
7. Pastor, II, 180; Hare, Walks in Rome, 167.
8. In Creighton, III, 11 in.
9. Pastor, II, 14; Symonds, Revival, 222–5.
10. Ibid., 226.
11. Pastor, II, 193.
12. Pastor, II, 200.
13. Burckhardt, 188.
14. Pastor, II, 198.
15. Sismondi, 613.
16. Vasari, II, 31, Bernardino Rossellino.
17. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 202.
18. Pastor, II, 102.
19. Creighton, II, 308f.
20. Pastor, II, 272f.
21. Ibid., 313.
21a. La Tour, P. Imbart de, Les origines de la Réforme, II, 7, 14.
22. Creighton, II, 245.
23. Ibid., 246.
24. Ibid., 247.
25. Platina, In vitas summorum pontificum, in Whitcomb, Source Book, 69.
26. Creighton, II, 483.
27. Ibid.
28. Burckhardt, 305.
29. Creighton, II, 483.
30. Sellery, 239.
31. Platina in Whitcomb,65.
32. Creighton, II, 488.
33. Platina, I.e.
34. Ibid., 66.
35. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 442.
36. Pastor, III, 324.
37. Ibid., 256.
38. Creighton, IV, 209.
39. Thompson, J. W., 297.
40. Pastor, IV, 41–5; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 106–7; Burckhardt, 280, 505.
41. Ferrara, O., The Borgia Pope, 95.
42. Pastor IV, 238–44; Creighton, III, 63–6.
43. Ibid., 75.
44. Symonds, Despots, 388.
45. Ibid., 398n.
46. Cf. Creighton, III, 115, 285; Pastor, IV, 416.
47. Soriano in Symonds, Despots, 394n; Pastor, IV, 428.
48. Symonds, Despots, 394.
49. Pastor, V, 236–8.
50. Vespucci in Cambridge Modern History, I, 222.
51. Creighton, III, 120.
52. Ibid., 154–5; Pastor, V, 351.
53. Ibid., 352–4; Creighton, IV, 318.
54. Creighton, III, 126.
55. Ibid.
56. Burckhardt, 108; Pastor, V, 354.
57. Pastor, V, 317; Creighton, III, 126.
57a. La Tour, II, 13.
58. Pastor, V, 361–2.
59. Creighton, IV, 297–8.
60. Creighton, III, 126.
61. Ibid., 135.
62. In Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 171.
63. Creighton, III, 153; Cambridge Modern History, I, 225.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Ferrara, Borgia Pope, 55–62; Pastor, II, 541–2.
2. Creighton, III, 162.
3. Pastor, II, 455.
4. Beuf, Cesare Borgia, 19; Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 10.
5. Ibid., 18, 20.
6. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 24.
7. Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 352.
8. Id., IV, 324.
9. Cambridge Modern History, I, 225; Ferrara, 66; Creighton, III, 159.
10. Ferrara, 51; Pastor, V, 366; Gregorovius, 17.
11. Creighton, III, 160n.
12. Cambridge Modern History, I, 226.
13. Pastor, V, 385.
14. Sacerdote, G., Cesare Borgia, 94.
15. In Creighton, III, 47.
16. Cambridge Modern History, I, 234.
17. Vasari, II, 116, Pinturicchio.
18. Ferrara, 310.
18a. La Tour, II, 39.
19. Pastor, V, 396; Burckhardt, 109.
20. Portigliotti, 28f.
21. Guicciardini, I, 19–20.
22. Creighton, III, 168.
23. Ibid., 194–5, quoting the letters as given in Burckhard’s Diarium.
24. Creighton, III, 196; Pastor, V, 429; Cambridge Modern History, I, 229.
24a. Guicciardini, I, 209.
25. Creighton, III, 206; Cambridge Modern History, I, 231.
26. Ibid., 230.
27. Pastor, V, 381.
28. Ferrara, 163.
29. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 394.
30. Guicciardini, I, 29.
31. Gregorovius, 75.
32. Creighton, III, 175; Gregorovius, 39, 62; Portigliotti, 47.
33. Ferrara, 164.
34. Creighton, III, 176; Gregorovius, 65.
35. Portigliotti, 45, 48, 61.
36. Burckhard, Diarium, iii, 227, in Creighton, IV, 49n.
37. Boccaccio, Ferrarese ambassador, in Symonds, Despots, 417; Portigliotti, 56.
38. Gregorovius, 75.
39. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 21 if.
40. Guicciardini, III, 26; Pastor, VI, 153–4.
41. Guicciardini, III, 26; Creighton, IV, 13–4.
42. Portigliotti, 66.
43. In Villari, Machiavelli, I, 321.
44. Portigliotti, 66.
45. Ferrara, 318.
46. Villari, I.e.
47. Cf. Ferrara, ch. xxi.
48. Ibid., 309.
49. Ferrara, 246; Sacerdote, 198f.
50. Ibid., 221.
51. Ibid., 202.
52. Ferrara, 246; Pastor, V, 512, and Roscoe, Leo X, I, 154, acquit Caesar Borgia; Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 106; Beuf, 76–8; and Symonds, Despots, 425 accuse him; Creighton, III, 258, concludes that “it is impossible to pronounce any certain opinion.”
53. Pastor, V, 501.
54. Gregorovius, 220; Burckhardt, no.
55. Beuf, 41.
56. Gregorovius, 57.
57. Beuf, 97.
58. Cartwright, Isabella, I, 178.