The Trip Through the Wormhole
On April 10, 2014, I got an urgent phone call. Chris was having trouble with visualizing the Endurance’s trip through the wormhole and he wanted advice. I drove over to his Syncopy compound where postproduction editing was underway, and Chris showed me the problem.
Using my equations, Paul’s team had produced visualizations for wormhole trips with various wormhole lengths and lensing widths. For the short, modest-lensing wormhole depicted in the movie, the trip was quick and uninteresting. For a long wormhole, it looked like traveling through a long tunnel with walls whizzing past, too much like things we’ve seen in movies before. Chris showed me many variants with many bells and whistles, and I had to agree that none had the compelling freshness that he wanted. After sleeping on it, I still had no magic-bullet solution.
The next day Chris flew to London and closeted himself with Paul’s Double Negative team, searching for a solution. In the end, they were forced to abandon my wormhole equations and, in Paul’s words, “go for a much more abstract interpretation of the wormhole’s interior,” an interpretation informed by simulations with my equations, but altered significantly to add artistic freshness.
When I experienced the wormhole trip in an early screening of Interstellar, I was pleased. Though not fully accurate, it captures the spirit and much of the feel of a real wormhole trip, and it’s fresh and compelling.
What did you think?
16
Discovering the Wormhole: Gravitational Waves
How might humans have discovered Interstellar’s wormhole? As a physicist, I have a favorite way. I describe it here in an extrapolation of Interstellar’s story—an extrapolation that, of course, is my own and not Christopher Nolan’s.
LIGO Detects a Burst of Gravitational Waves
I imagine that decades before the movie begins, when Professor Brand was in his twenties, he was deputy director of a project called LIGO: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (Figure 16.1). LIGO was searching for ripples in the shape of space arriving at Earth from the distant universe. These ripples, called gravitational waves, are produced when black holes collide with each other, when a black hole tears a neutron star apart, when the universe was born, and in many other ways.
One day in 2019, LIGO was hit by a burst of gravitational waves far stronger than any ever before seen (Figure 16.2). The waves oscillated with an amplitude that grew and fell several times, and then cut off suddenly. The entire burst lasted for only a few seconds.
By comparing the waves’ shape (their “waveform”; Figure 16.2) with simulations performed on supercomputers, Professor Brand and his team deduced their source.
Neutron Star Orbiting a Black Hole
A neutron star, orbiting around a black hole, had emitted the waves. The star weighed 1.5 times as much as the Sun, the hole weighed 4.5 times the Sun, and the hole was spinning rapidly. The spin dragged space into motion, and the space whirl grabbed the star’s orbit, forcing it to precess slowly, like a tilted top. The precession modulated the waves, causing them to rise and fall in amplitude (Figure 16.2).
The waves traveled out through the universe, carrying away energy (Figure 16.3). With its energy gradually decreasing, the star gradually spiraled inward toward the black hole. When the distance between the star and the hole had shrunk to 30 kilometers, the hole’s tidal gravity began tearing the star apart. Ninety-seven percent of the stellar debris was swallowed by the black hole, and 3 percent was thrown outward, forming a tail of hot gas that the hole then sucked back inward to form an accretion disk.
Figure 16.4 shows a computer simulation of the last few milliseconds of the star’s life. At ten milliseconds before the end, the black hole is spinning around the red-arrowed axis, and the star is orbiting around the picture’s vertical axis. At four milliseconds the hole’s tendex lines are stretching the star apart. At two milliseconds, the hole’s whirling space has thrown the stellar debris up into the hole’s equatorial plane. At zero milliseconds, the debris is beginning to form an accretion disk.
Discovering the Wormhole
Looking back through LIGO’s data for the preceding two years, Professor Brand and his team discovered very weak waves emitted by the neutron star. The star had a tiny mountain, a centimeter high and a few kilometers wide (such mountains are thought likely). As the mountain was carried around and around by the star’s rotation, it produced waves that oscillated weakly but steadily, day after day after day.
By analyzing these steady waves with care, Professor Brand learned the direction to their source. The direction was unbelievable! The waves were coming from something in orbit around Saturn. As the Earth and Saturn moved in their orbits, the source was always near Saturn!
A neutron star orbiting Saturn? Impossible! A black hole accompanying the neutron star, with both orbiting Saturn? Even more impossible! Saturn would long ago have been destroyed, and the star’s and hole’s gravity would long ago have disrupted the orbits of all the Sun’s planets, including Earth. With disrupted orbit, the Earth would have been carried close to the Sun and then far away. We would have been fried, frozen, and killed.
But there the waves were. Unequivocally emerging from near Saturn.
Professor Brand could find only one explanation: The waves must emerge from a wormhole that orbits Saturn. And their source, the black hole and neutron star, must be on the other end of the wormhole (Figure 16.5). The waves traveled outward from the star and hole. Small portions of the waves were captured by the wormhole, traveled through it, and then spread outward through the solar system with a small portion reaching Earth and passing through the LIGO gravitational wave detector.