See Kirik Levin, A. I. Gertsen: Lichnost', ideologiia (Moscow: Dennitsa, Tipografiia Voennogo Komissariata Moskovskoi oblasti, i9i8; 2nd ed.: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, i922), v.
An edition of Herzen's writings in ten small volumes began to be published in the West five years after his death, but this represented only a fraction of his total output. Herzen's Bell essays are almost completely absent, and sections of other texts are missing. See Sochineniia A. I. Gertsena spredisloviem (Oeuvres d'Alexandre Herzen) (Geneva: H. Georg, i875-79).
See V. Ia. Bogucharskii, "Poslednii period zhizni (i857-i870 gg.)," in Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, i920/i92i), И4-62.
Iurii M. Steklov, A. I. Gertsen (Iskander): 1812-1870 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, i920; 2nd ed., Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, i923).
See, for example, the treatment of Herzen in general historiographical overviews such as Nikolai L. Rubinshtein, Russkaia istoriografiia (Moscow: OGIZ/Gospolitizdat, i94i), 204-8.
Lenin's laudatory pronouncement declares that Herzen's Bell "broke the slavish silence" and "valiantly championed the liberation of the peasants." V. I. Lenin, "Pamiati Gertsena," Sotsial-Demokrat, no. 26, May 8 (April 25), i9i2.
A striking example of this genre is the work of A. I. Volodin ^933-2004), which is essentially a composite of selected passages followed by tendentious interpretation in which he "reveals" the "dialectical materialism" ensconced in Herzen's outlook. See Aleksandr I. Volodin, Gertsen (Moscow: Mysl', i970).
See Aleksei T. Pavlov, Ot dvorianskoi revoliutsionnosti k revoliutsionnomu demokra- tizmu (ideinaia evoliutsiia Gertsena) (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, :977^ ll4.
See Ia. El'sberg, "Esteticheskie vzgliadi A. I. Gertsena," in A. I. Gertsen: 1812-1870, ed. I. G. Klabunovskii and B. P. Koz'min (Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi Literaturnyi muzei, i946), 22.
Ioann S. Novich (Fainshtein), Dukhovnaia drama Gertsena (Moscow: Khudozhe- stvennaia literatura, i937), i6.
See Zinaida P. Bazileva, "Kolokol" Gertsena (1857-1867 gg.) (Moscow: Gosudar- stvennoe Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi Literatury, i949), 289. Another such work examines the atheistic outlook of Herzen and Ogaryov in The Bell, focusing on their discussion of freedom of conscience, and their critiques of religion, clericalism, and the social position of the Orthodox church. This brief study, too, is composed largely of a patchwork of excerpts and extended passages from the two authors, and begins and ends with Lenin's words. See Valentina S. Panova, "Kolokol" Gertsena i Ogar'eva ob ateizme, religii I tserkvi (Moscow: Mysl', i983).
See "Kratkaia bibliografiia sochinenii Gertsena i literatury o nem," in A. I. Gertsen: Seminarii, by M. I. Gillel'son, E. N. Dryzhakova, and M. K. Perkal' (Moscow: Pros- veshchenie, i965), ii9-2i.
See Liudmila E. Tatarinova, A. I. Gertsen (Moscow: Mysl', i980), 86-i8i.
See Zinaida V. Smirnova, Sotsial'naia filosofiia A. I. Gertsena (Moscow: Nauka, i973). Indicative of many such studies, the chronological chapters of Smirnova's work focus largely on the development of Herzen's thought in the i830s and i840s, culminating in his reactions to the i848 revolutions.
Natal'ia M. Pirumova, Istoricheskie vzgliady A. I. Gertsena (Moscow: Gosudar- stvennoe Izdatel'stvo polit. Lit-y, i956).
A. I. Gertsen, Sobranie Sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo akademii nauk SSSR, i954-66). The work (herein: Sobranie sochinenii) comprises 33 separate books, plus index.
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva A. I. Gertsena (1812-1870), vols. i-5 (Moscow: Nauka, i974-90).
Natan Ia. Eidel'man, Gertsen protiv samoderzhaviia: Sekretnaia istoriia Rossii XVIII- XIX vekov i Vol'naia russkaia pechat' (Moscow: Mysl', i973). See also the collection of Eidelman's essays on the issue of freedom of speech and Herzen's efforts with the Free Russian Press: N. Ia. Eidel'man, Svobodnoe slovo Gertsena (Moscow: Editorial URSS, i999). This volume contains several essays on The Bell, including "Anonymous Correspondents of Kolokol," originally published as "Anonimnye korrespondenty 'Kolokola' " in Problemy izucheniia Gertsena (Moscow: ANSSSR, ^63), 25^79; and "Secret Correspondents of Polestar," originally published as Tainye korrespondenty "Poliarnoi zvezdy" (Moscow: Mysl', i966).
Herzen could only find one justification for the pain of his self-imposed exile, and this was the absolute necessity to live in an environment of free speech and the imperative to fight for those who lacked it. See S togo berega, in Sobranie sochinenii, 6:i3-i4. Not long after his arrival in London, Herzen realized his most momentous achievement, the establishment of his press. One of its first products was a small pamphlet addressed to his Russian brethren, a tiny manifesto declaring Herzen's deepest tenets and values. At the heart of it lies Herzen's maxim: "Without freedom of speech, man is not free." "Vol'noe russkoe knigopechatanie v Londone: Brat'iam na Rusi" (February i853), Doc. 2 in this collection.
This theme transcends the Soviet era. A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, interest revived in Herzen and Ogaryov's multi-pronged campaign against the "official" version of history presented in Baron Modest Korf's rendition of the Decembrist revolt and the accession to the throne of Nicholas I. Herzen had refuted what he branded Korf's "servile" and "slavish" account in a notice appearing in The Bell 1, no. 4 (January 10, 1857), in a separate article, and a book: 14 dekabria 1825 i imperator Nikolai (London: Trtibner, 1858). A reprint of the latter, along with introduction, notes, and analysis, appeared as 14 dekabria 1825 goda i ego istolkovateli (Gertsen i Ogarev protiv barona Korfa), ed. E. L. Rudnitskoi, prepared by A. G. Tartakovskii (Moscow: Nauka, 1994).
See, for example, the creative approaches and new directions taken in Elena N. Dryzhakova, Gertsen na zapade: V labirinte nadezhd, slavy i otrechenii (St. Petersburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 1999) (this work devotes only 39 pages to Herzen's 1855-64 period); Vasilii F. Antonov, A. I. Gertsen: Obshchestvennyi ideal (Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2000); and Ruslan Khestanov, Aleksandr Gertsen: Improvizatsiiaprotiv doktriny (Moscow: Dom intellektual'noi knigi, 2001).
Raoul Labry, Herzen et Proudhon (Paris: Bossard, 1928); Raoul Labry, Alexandre Ivanovic Herzen, 1812-1870: Essai sur la formation et le developpement de ses idees (Paris: Editions Bossard, 1928).
Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen, trans. Constance Garnett, 6 vols. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1924-27).
Edward Hallett Carr, The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait Gallery (London: V. Gollancz, 1933; reprint: Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1968).