K. N. Lomunov, "A. I. Gertsen v londonskii period ego zhizni," in Alexander Her- zen and European Culture, ed. Monica Partridge (Nottingham: Astra, ^84), i.
See N. O. Lossky, History of Russian Philosophy (New York: International Universities Press, i95i), 57.
Zernov writes: "Herzen was the only leader of the intelligentsia who was more an agnostic than a dogmatic atheist and for this reason he remained on the fringe of the movement. He was never accepted whole-heartedly as their teacher by its more radical members." Nicolas Zernov, The Russian Religious Renaissance of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper and Row, ^63), 20.
See V. V. Zen'kovskii, Istoriia russkoi filosofii (Paris: YMCA, i948), 278, 285-86.
"Herzen was not the first Russian political emigre . . . but Herzen was the first to look on emigration as a base from which one could try to influence intellectual and political developments at home." S. V. Utechin, Russian Political Thought: A Concise History (London: J.M. Dent, ^63), H7, H9.
For example, Herzen believed that action was necessary to realize social goals, and that this presupposes the existence of freedom of will and action. However, the positivists that Herzen so admired tended to regard human freedom as an illusion, a chimera which has no basis in scientific observation or knowledge.
Frederick C. Copleston, Philosophy in Russia (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, i986), i-5, 93-99.
Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (i973; Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, i979), П5-34, i62-80.
The notion of Herzen either as a liminal or transitionary figure is expressed by a number of scholars. Offord writes that "the emigre Herzen occupied political space somewhere between the liberals . . . and the militant young thinkers." Derek Offord, Nineteenth-Century Russia: Opposition to Autocracy (London: Pearson, 1999), 54. Scha- piro points out that although Herzen's positions of the 1850s are "reminiscent of the Slavophiles," Herzen was a Western-oriented, rationalist, revolutionary atheist, all of which was anathema to the Slavophiles. Leonard Schapiro, Rationalism and Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), 82-83.
Andrzej Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy: History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought (1964; Oxford: Clarendon, 1975), 173, 580.
See Russkaia intelligentsia: Istoriia i sud'ba, compiled by T. B. Kniazevskaia (Moscow: Nauka, 1999); Rossiia 2, no. 10 (1999) (Russkaia intelligentsiia i zapadnyi intel- lektualizm: Istoriia i tipologiia); Russian Intelligentsia, ed. Richard Pipes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961); and Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1966).
See V. G. Belinskii, "Vzgliad na russkiu literaturu 1847 goda," in Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 8 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1982), 381.
See Lev. A. Plotkin, "Gertsen-belletrist," in O russkoi literature: A. I. Gertsen, I. S. Nikitin, D. I. Pisarev (Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1986), 7-55.
See Ivan G. Pekhtelev, Gertsen-literaturnyi kritik (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1967).
See Leonid S. Radek, Gertsen i Turgenev: Literaturno-esteticheskaia polemika (Kishinev: Shtinnitsa, 1984).
See V. A. Rutintsev, Gertsen: Pisatel', 2nd ed. (Moscow: ANSSSR, 1963); Sof'ia D. Gurvich-Lishchiner, Tvorchestvo Gertsena v razvitii russkogo realizma serediny XIX veka (Moscow: Nasledie, 1994).
See A. I. Gertsen v russkoi kritike, intro. essay and notes by V. A. Putintsev (Moscow: Gosudarstvennaia Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1953).
Lidiia K. Chukovskaia, "Byloe i dumy" Gertsena (Moscow: Khud. lit-a, 1966), 143. Elizavetina asserts that Herzen crafted his particular "memoir-autobiographical genre" in order to impart more knowledge and understanding than other available literary forms. Galina G. Elizavetina, "Byloe i dumy" A. I. Gertsena (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1984), 154.
See Ulrike Hoffler-Preissmann, Die Technik des literarischen Portrats in Alexander Herzens "Byloe i dumy" (Mainz: Liber, 1982), 1-2, 140-41.
See Ulrich Schmid, Ichentwurfe: Die russische Autobiographie zwischen Avvakum und Gercen (Ztirich: Pano-Verlag, 2000), 327-69.
See Lidiia Ia. Ginzburg, O psikhologicheskoi proze, 2nd ed. (Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1977), 251-52.
See Irina Paperno, "Intimacy and History: The Gercen Family Drama Reconsidered," Russian Literature 61, no. 1-2 (January 1-February 15, 2007): 1-65.
Gurvich-Lishchiner examines the influence of German writers, including Schiller, Goethe, and Heine. See Sof'ia D. Gurvich-Lishchiner, Tvorchestvo Aleksandra Gertsena i nemetskaia literatura: Ocherki i materialy (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001).
S. Rozanova, Tolstoi i Gertsen (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1972).
A standard treatment may be found in "Zhurnal'no-izdatel'skaia deiatel'nost' A. I. Gertsena i N. P. Ogareva: 'Poliarnaia zvezda' i 'Kolokol,' " in Istoriia russkoi zhurnalistiki: XVIII-XIX vekov, ed. A. V. Zapadov (Moscow: Vysshaia shkola, 1963), 279-304.
Berlin wrote the introductions not only to translations of Herzen's writings but to the English translation of Venturi's Roots of Revolution and Raeff's Russian Intellectual History.
Malia began his doctoral thesis in i949, the year that Berlin came to Harvard as a visiting lecturer, and the very time that the latter was developing his ideas on Herzen and the Russian intelligentsia. Lampert began corresponding with Berlin in i950, and soon the theologian was drawn into his orbit, as was S. V. Utechin, who arrived at Oxford the same year, and who later made efforts to publish Berlin's writings in Russia. Andrzej Walicki met Berlin in early i960, writing that their first encounter became "the foundation of the moral and intellectual bond" that developed between them. Aileen Kelly wrote her doctoral dissertation under Berlin's supervision and coedited and introduced Berlin's Russian Thinkers.
See Ia. E. El'sberg (Shapershtein), "Ideinaia bor'ba vokrug naslediia Gertsena v nashe vremia," in Problemy izucheniia Gertsena (Moscow: ANSSSR, ^63), 432-48. Els- berg wrote a monograph on Herzen, referred to widely, that has gone through several editions (i948, i95i, i956, ^63), the last revision topping 700 pages.
Novich's study surveys Herzen's early years (primarily during the i830s). See Ioann S. Novich (Fainshtein), Molodoi Gertsen: Iskaniia, idei, obrazy, lichnost' (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel', ^80). We have already noted Zimmerman's Midpassage, which covers the Й47-52 period. Linkov focuses on Herzen's pro-Polish activities with the Land and Liberty movement: Iakov I. Linkov, Revoliutsionnaia bor'ba: A. I. Gertsen i N. P. Oga- rev i tainoe obshchestvo "Zemlia i volia" 1860-kh godov (Moscow: Nauka, ^64).
Perkal's pocket-size monograph covers Herzen's years in St. Petersburg (Й39- 4i and i846) with relatively little scholarly apparatus. See Mark K. Perkal', Gertsen v Peterburge (Leningrad: Lenizdat, i97i). See also the popular booklet by Viktor G. Smirnov, Gertsen v Novgorode (Leningrad: Lenizdat, ^85).