circles, as one might naively suppose, but half-circles, with the half-circle on that side of the center away from the central city, because people always go to that shopping center which lies toward the center of their city, never to the one which lies toward the
Brennan's catch basins.
This phenomenon was originally discovered by Brennan in his post-war studies of Wolverhampton (T. Brennan, Midland City, London: Dobson, 1948). It has, since then, been confirmed and studied by several writers, most notably Terence Lee, “Perceived Distance as a Function of Direction in the City,” Environment and Behavior, June 1970, 40-51. Lee has shown that the phenomenon is not only caused by the fact that people are simply more familiar with the roads and paths that lie toward the center, and use them more often, but that their very perception of distance varies with direction, and that distances along lines toward the center are seen as much shorter than distances along lines away from the center.
Since we certainly want the community to correspond with the catch basin of its “center” it is essential, then, that the center be placed off-center—in fact, at that point in the community which lies toward the center of the larger city. This is, of course, compatible with the notion discussed already, that the center should lie in the boundary of the community.
Eccentric centers.
152
28 ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS
4. Even though the center lies on one side of the community, forming a boundary of the community, we may also assume that the center does need to bulge into the community just a little. This follows from the fact that, even though services do need to be in the boundary of the community, not in its middle, still, people do have some need for the psychological center of their community to be at least somewhere toward the geometric center of gravity. If we make the boundary bulge toward the geometric center, then this axis will naturally form a center—and, further, its catch basin, according to the data given above, will correspond almost perfectly with the community.
The inward bulge.
5. Finally, although we know that the center needs to be mainly in the boundary, we do not know exactly just how large it needs to be. At the edge of the city, where the overall density is low—the center will be small. At the center of the citv, where the overall density is higher, it will be larger, because the greater density of population supports more services. In both cases, it will be in the boundary. If it is too large to be contained at one point, it will naturally extend itself along the boundary, but still within the boundary, thus forming a lune, a partial horseshoe, long or short, according to its position in the greater city.
 |
| A ;partial horseshoe. |
TOWNS
These rules are rather simple. If we follow them, we shall find a beautiful gradient of overlapping imbricated horseshoes, not unlike the scales of a fish. If the city gradually gets this highly coherent structure, then we can be sure that the articulation of dense areas, and areas of little density, will be so clear that both activity and quiet can exist, each intense, unmixed, and each available to everyone.
Therefore:
Encourage growth and the accumulation of density to form a clear configuration of peaks and valleys according to the following rules:
1. Consider the town as a collection of communities of 7000. These communities will be between lA mile across and 2 miles across, according to their overall density.
2. Mark that point in the boundary of each community which is closest to the nearest major urban center. This point will be the peak of the density, and the core of the “eccentric” nucleus.
3. Allow the high density to bulge in from the boundary, toward the center of gravity of the community, thus enlarging the eccentric nucleus toward the center.
4. Continue this high density to form a ridge around the boundary in horseshoe fashion—with the length of the horseshoe dependent on the overall mean gross density, at that part of the city, and the bulge of the horseshoe toward the center of the region, so that the horseshoes form a gradient, according to their position in the region. Those close to a major downtown are almost complete; those further away are only half complete; and those furthest from centers are shrunken to a point.
154 28 ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS
Given this overall configuration, now calculate the average densities at different distances from this ridge of high density, according to the computations given in the next pattern—density rings (29); keep major shopping streets and promenades toward the dense part of the horseshoe—activity nodes (30), promenade (31), shopping street (32); and keep quiet areas toward the open part of the horseshoe—sacred sites (24), quiet backs (59), still water (71). . . .
*55
SUMMARY OF THE LANGUAGE
through city policies, encourage the piecemeal formation of those major structures which define the city 5
8. MOSAIC OF SUBCULTURES
9. SCATTERED WORK
10. MAGIC OF THE CITY
11. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS
build up these larger city patterns from the grass roots, through action essentially controlled by two levels of self-governing communities, which exist as physically identifiable places;
12. COMMUNITY OF 7000
13. SUBCULTURE BOUNDARY
14. IDENTIFIABLE NEIGHBORHOOD
15. NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARY
connect communities to one another by encouraging the growth of the following networks;
16. WEB OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
17. RING ROADS
18. NETWORK OF LEARNING
19. WEB OF SHOPPING
20. MINI-BUSES
establish community and neighborhood policy to control the character of the local environment according to the following fundamental principles}
21. FOUR-STORY LIMIT
29 DENSITY RINGS*
. . . in eccentric nucleus (28) we have given a general form for the configuration of density “peaks” and “valleys,” with respect to the mosaic of subcultures (8) and subculture boundaries (13). Suppose now that the center of commercial activity in a community of 7000 (12) is placed according to the prescriptions of eccentric nucleus (28), and according to the overall density within the region. We then face the problem of establishing local densities, for house clusters and work communities, at different distances around this peak. This pattern gives a rule for working out the gradient of these local densities. Most concretely, this gradient of density can be specified, by drawing rings at different distances from the main center of activity and then assigning different densities to each ring, so that the densities in the succeeding rings create the gradient of density. The gradient will vary from community to community— both according to a community’s position in the region, and according to the cultural background of the people.
People want to be close to shops and services, for excitement and convenience. And they want to be away from services, for quiet and green. The exact balance of these two desires varies from person to person, but in the aggregate it is the balance of these two desires which determines the gradient of housing densities in a neighborhood.