Cars are dangerous to pedestrians; yet activities occur just where cars and pedestrians meet.
It is common planning practice to separate pedestrians and cars. This makes pedestrian areas more human and safer. However, this practice fails to take account of the fact that cars and pedestrians also need each other: and that, in fact, a great deal of urban life occurs at just the point where these two systems meet. Many of the greatest places in cities, Piccadilly Circus, Times Square, the Champs Elysees, are alive because they are at places where pedestrians and vehicles meet. New towns like Cumbernauld, in Scotland, where there is total separation between the two, seldom have the same sort of liveliness.
The same thing is true at the local residental scale. A great deal of everyday social life occurs where cars and pedestrians meet. In Lima, for example, the car is used as an extension of the house: men, especially, often sit in parked cars, near their houses, drinking beer and talking. And in one way or another, something like this happens everywhere. Conversation and discussion grow naturally around the lots where people wash their cars. Vendors set themselves up where cars and pedestrians meet; they need all the traffic they can get. Children play in parking
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| Children like cars. |
TOWNS
lots—perhaps because they sense that this is the main point of arrival and departure; and of course because they like the cars. Yet, at the same time, it is essential to keep pedestrians separate from vehicles: to protect children and old people; to preserve the tranquility of pedestrian life.
To resolve the conflict, it is necessary to find an arrangement of pedestrian paths and roads, so that the two are separate, but meet frequently, with the points where they meet recognized as focal points. In general, this requires two orthogonal networks, one for roads, one for paths, each connected and continuous, crossing at frequent intervals (our observations suggest that most points on the path network should be within I 50 feet of the nearest road), meeting, when they meet, at right angles.
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| Two orthogonal networks. |
In practice, there are several possible ways of forming this relationship between the roads and paths.
It can be done within the system of fast one-way roads about 300 feet apart described in parallel roads (23). Between the roads there are pedestrian paths running at right angles to the roads, with buildings opening off the pedestrian paths. Where the
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| Path between farallel roads. |
I'll 5 2 NETWORK OF PATHS AND CARS
paths intersect the roads there are small parking lots with space for kiosks and shops.
It can be applied to an existing neighborhood—as it is in the following sequence of plans drawn by the People’s Architects, Berkeley, California. This shows a beautiful and simple way of creating a path network in an existing grid of streets, by closing off alternate streets, in each direction. As the drawings show, it can be done gradually.
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| The growth of a fath network in a street grid.. |
Different again, is our project for housing in Lima. Here the two orthogonal systems are laid out as follows:
 | Roads. |
 | Pedestrian falhs. |
 | The two together. |
In all these cases, we see a global pattern, in which roads and paths are created more or less at the same time—and therefore brought into the proper relationship. However, it is essential to recognize that in most practical applications of this pattern, it is
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not necessary to locate the roads and paths together. Most typically of all, there is an existing road system: and the paths can be put in one by one, piecemeal, at right angles to the existing roads. Slowly, very slowly, a coherent path network will be created by the accumulation of these piecemeal acts.
Finally, note that this kind of separation of cars from pedestrians is only appropriate where traffic densities are medium or medium high. At low densities (for instance, a cul-de-sac gravel road serving half-a-dozen houses), the paths and roads can obviously be combined. There is no reason even to have sidewalks— green streets (51). At very high densities, like the Champs Elysees, or Piccadilly Circus, a great deal of the excitement is actually created by the fact that pedestrian paths are running along the roads. In these cases the problem is best solved by extra wide sidewalks—raised walks (55)—which actually contain the resolution of the conflict in their width. The edge away from the road is safe—the edge near the road is the place where the activities happen.
Therefore:
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| road crossings |
Except where traffic densities are very high or very low, lay out pedestrian paths at right angles to roads, not along them, so that the paths gradually begin to form a second network, distinct from the road system, and orthogonal to it. This can be done quite gradually—even if you put in one path at a time, but always put them in the middle of the “block,” so that they run across the roads.
52 NETWORK OF PATHS AND CARS
•I* *r ‘I*
Where paths have to run along major roads—as they do occasionally—build them 18 inches higher than the road, on one side of the road only, and twice the usual width—raised walk (55) ; on creen streets (51) the paths can be in the road since there is nothing but grass and paving stones there; but even then, occasional narrow paths at right angles to the green streets are very beautiful. Place the paths in detail according to paths and coals (120); shape them according to path shape (121). Finally, treat the important street crossings as crosswalks, raised to the level of the pedestrian path—so cars have to slow down as they go over them—road crossing (54). . . .
make a buildable building directly from this rough scheme of spaces, and tells you how to build it, in detail.
Before you lay out structural details, establish a philosophy of structure which will let the structure grow directly from your plans and your conception of the buildings 3
205. STRUCTURE FOLLOWS SOCIAL SPACES
206. EFFICIENT STRUCTURE
207. GOOD MATERIALS
208. GRADUAL STIFFENING
within this philosophy of structure, on the basis of the plans which you have made, work out the complete structural layout 3 this is the last thing you do on paper, before you actually start to build 3
209. ROOF LAYOUT
210. FLOOR AND CEILING LAYOUT
21 I. THICKENING THE OUTER WALLS
212. COLUMNS AT THE CORNERS
213. FINAL COLUMN DISTRIBUTION
put stakes in the ground to mark the columns on the site, and start erecting the main frame of the building according to the layout of these stakes 3
214. ROOT FOUNDATIONS
215. GROUND FLOOR SLAB