Jelinek, Elfriede (b. Oct. 20, 1946, Miirzzuschlag, Austria) Austrian novelist and playwright. At age 17 she suffered an emotional breakdown, and during her recovery she turned to writing as a form of self-expression and introspection. A polemical feminist, Jelinek often wrote about gen¬ der oppression and female sexuality. She also rejected the conventions of literary tradition in favour of linguistic and thematic experimentation. Among her notable novels are Wonderful, Wonderful Times (1980), The Piano Teacher (1983; filmed 2001), and Lust (1989). She also wrote a number of plays, including Clara S. (1984) and Bambiland (2003). In 2004 Jelinek won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Jellicoe, John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl (b. Dec. 5, 1859, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.—d. Nov. 20, 1935, London) British admi¬ ral. He entered the Royal Navy in 1872 and rose through the ranks to become commander of the fleet during World War I (1914-16). He won a crucial victory in the Battle of Jutland (1916), after which he was pro¬ moted to first sea lord of the Admiralty (1916-17) and admiral of the fleet (1919). He served as governor of New Zealand (1920-24).
Jellinek Vje-li-,nek\, Elvin M(orton) (b. Aug. 15, 1890, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Oct. 22, 1963, Palo Alto, Calif.) U.S. physiologist. He studied at the University of Leipzig and worked in Budapest, Sierra Leone, and Honduras before returning to the U.S., where he studied alco¬ holism. He was an early proponent of the theory that alcoholism should be treated as a disease. He gathered and summarized his and others’ research in the authoritative Alcohol Explored (1942) and The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (1960).
jelly and jam Thick preserves made from fruit and sugar. Jelly is semitransparent, consisting of the strained juice of various fruits (occa¬ sionally vegetables), singly or in combination, that is sweetened, slowly simmered, and congealed, often with the aid of pectin or gelatin. Jam dif¬ fers from jelly in its inclusion of fruit pulp or whole fruit; whole-fruit jam is sometimes called preserve. Fruit jellies and jams are eaten on break¬ fast breads and in sandwiches and accompany the scones and other baked goods of the British tea meal. Vegetable and herb jellies traditionally complement lamb and other meat dishes.
jellyfish Any of about 200 described species of free-swimming marine cnidarians (in the classes Scyphozoa and Cubozoa), many of which have a bell-shaped body. The term is also frequently applied to other similar cnidarians (e.g., Portuguese man-of-war) and some unrelated forms (e.g., ctenophores and salps). In scyphozoan jellyfish, the free-swimming medusa form is the dominant stage, with the sessile polyp form found only during larval development. Jellyfish live in all oceans and include the familiar disk-shaped animals that are often found drifting along the shoreline. Most species are 1-16 in. (2-40 cm) in diameter; some are 6 ft (1.8 m) in diam¬ eter, with tentacles more than 100 feet (30 m) long. Though some jelly¬ fish simply filter-feed, most feed on small animals (e.g., crustaceans) that they catch in their tentacles, whose stinging cells immobilize the prey; contact can be irritating and sometimes dangerous to humans. The cubo- zoan jellyfish comprise 50 species of box jellies (the rather spherical body is squared off at the edges), which are usually 1-2 in. (2-4 cm) in diam¬ eter. See illustration on following page.
Jemison, Mae (Carol) (b. Oct. 17, 1956, Decatur, Ala., U.S.) U.S. physician and astronaut. She received an M.D. from Cornell University and then served in the Peace Corps in Africa. In 1988 she was accepted to NASA’s astronaut program and became the first black female astro-
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984 I jen ► Jeremiah
Life cycle of the common jellyfish Aurelia. Eggs released by females pass out through the mouth and become lodged in pits on the tentacles. Sperm released from male jellyfish fertilize the eggs, which remain on the tentacles during early develop¬ ment. A fertilized egg develops into a ciliated larva, or planula, which settles on and attaches to a substrate (such as a rock) and develops into a polyp with a mouth and tentacles. The polyp reproduces asexually by budding off saucer-shaped immature medusae, which develop into mature sexually reproducing forms.
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naut. In 1992 she spent more than a week aboard the space shuttle Endeav¬ our. After leaving NASA in 1993, she taught environmental studies at Dartmouth College.
jen See ren
Jena and Auerstedt Vya-n9... , au-3r- I shtet\, Battles of (1806) Mili¬ tary engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between French troops and Prussians and Saxons. In 1806 Frederick William III of Prussia signed a secret alliance with Russia and joined the Third Coalition against Napo¬ leon. As the Prussian army moved through Saxony to meet its Russian allies, it was forced to face a French attack from the rear. The Prussians split their forces between Auerstedt and Jena, and on October 14 Napo¬ leon swept the Prussian troops off the field at Jena. At the same time, a secondary French force under Louis Davout defeated a Prussian army more than twice its size at Auerstedt. Napoleon completed his conquest of Prussia in six weeks.
Jenkins, Fergie in full Ferguson Arthur Jenkins (b. Dec. 13, 1943, Chatham, Ont., Can.) Canadian-born U.S. baseball pitcher. In high school Jenkins excelled in amateur baseball, basketball, and hockey. He began his major league career with the Philadelphia Phillies in the early 1960s, before playing for the Chicago Cubs, the Texas Rangers, and the Boston Red Sox, winning at least 20 games in each of six consecutive seasons (1967-72) and setting several season records. He was awarded the Cy Young award in 1971 for his 24-13 won-lost record and 2.77 earned run average.
Jenkins (of Hillhead), Roy (Harris) Jenkins, Baron (b. Nov. 11, 1920, Abersychan, Monmouthshire, Eng.—d. Jan. 5, 2003, Oxford¬ shire) British politician. Elected to Parliament in 1948, he served in Labour Party governments (1964-70, 1974-76). A strong supporter of NATO and the European Community, he was president of the executive branch of the latter (1976-81). He resigned from the Labour Party, and in 1981, with other Labour dissidents, he formed the Social Democratic Party, which he led in 1982-83. After accepting a life peerage (1987), he
became leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Party in the House of Lords. He subsequently became chancellor of the University of Oxford.
Jenkins' Ear, War of War between Britain and Spain that began in 1739 and eventually merged into the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1738 Capt. Robert Jenkins appeared before a committee of the House of Commons and exhibited his own amputated ear, which he alleged was cut off by Spanish coast guards who boarded his ship in the West Indies in 1731. Public opinion had already been aroused by other Spanish outrages on British ships, and the incident was exploited by members of Parlia¬ ment who opposed the government of Robert Walpole.
Jenner, Edward (b. May 17,
Eng.—d. Jan. 26, 1823, Berkeley)
English surgeon, discoverer of the smallpox vaccine. He was appren¬ ticed to a surgeon at 13, and at 21 he became the house pupil of John Hunter, who gave him further train¬ ing and stressed the need for experi¬ mentation and observation. Jenner had noticed as a youth that people who had been sick with the relatively harmless disease cowpox did not contract smallpox. In 1796 he inocu¬ lated a young boy with matter taken from a dairymaid’s fresh cowpox lesions. The boy caught cowpox and, when subsequently inoculated with smallpox, did not contract it. Despite early difficulties, the procedure spread and the death rate from small¬ pox fell. Jenner received worldwide recognition (though he was also sub¬ ject to attacks and slander). He retired from public life in 1815 after the death of his wife.