rite of murder-suicide, were shot or poisoned; Jones died of a gunshot wound. The death toll was 913, including many children.
Jones, John Paul orig. John Paul (b. July 6, 1747, Kirkbean, Kirk¬ cudbright, Scot.—d. July 18, 1792,
Paris, France) American naval hero.
He went to sea at age 12 and became a ship’s master at age 21. He joined his brother in Virginia in 1775. When the American Revolution began, he joined the new Continental Navy under Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he sailed the Providence along the Atlantic coast, capturing eight British ships and sinking eight more. Appointed by Congress to the newly built Ranger, he made a spectacular cruise through St. George’s Channel and the Irish Sea (1777-78), where he took a number of prizes. In 1779 he commanded the Bonhomme Richard and intercepted a merchant fleet.
Though outgunned by an escort ship, the Serapis, he forced its surrender after a fierce battle, answering its challenge to surrender with “I have not yet begun to fight!” His ship sank soon after, and he sailed two British prizes to the Netherlands. In 1790 he retired, in ill health, to France.
Jones, Mary Harris orig. Mary Harris known as Mother Jones
(b. May 1, 1830, Cork, Ire.—d. Nov. 30, 1930, Silver Spring, Md., U.S.) Irish-born U.S. labour organizer. She was brought to the U.S. as a child in 1835. In 1867 she lost her children and husband (an ironworker) in a yellow-fever epidemic in Memphis, Tenn.; four years later she lost all her possessions in the great Chicago fire. She turned for assistance to the Knights of Labor, which led to her becoming a highly visible figure in the U.S. labour movement. She traveled across the country, organizing for the United Mine Workers and supporting strikes wherever they were being held. At 93 she was still working among striking coal miners in West Vir¬ ginia. She actively supported legislation to prohibit child labour. She was a founder of the Social Democratic Party (1898) and the Industrial Work¬ ers of the World (1905). Her autobiography was published in 1925. She died at the age of 100 and was buried in the Union Miners’ Cemetery in Mount Olive, Ill.
Jones, Quincy orig. Quincy Delight Jones, Jr. (b. March 14, 1933, Chicago, Ill., U.S.) U.S. composer, bandleader, and producer. Jones joined a combo with his friend Ray Charles in his early teens, and he later studied music in Seattle and Boston. In the early 1950s he played trum¬ pet with Lionel Hampton. He became an arranger for Dizzy Gillespie and oth¬ ers and ultimately formed his own big band and worked with figures such as Count Basie, Sarah Vaughan, and Dinah Washington. In the early 1960s he began writing scores for films, including Walk Don’t Run (1966), In Cold Blood (1967), and The Color Purple (1985). Beginning in the mid- 1970s he principally worked as a producer, and among his projects were enormously successful albums for Michael Jackson and Frank Sinatra. By the early 21st century, Jones had won more than 25 Grammy Awards. He also founded the music magazine Vibe and the record label Qwest.
Jones, Spike orig. Lindley Armstrong Jones (b. Dec. 14, 1911, Long Beach, Calif., U.S.—d. May 1, 1965, Los Angeles, Calif.) U.S. bandleader known for his novelty recordings. Jones played drums in radio bands in the late 1930s and soon became known for adding anarchically comical sounds such as car horns, cowbells, and anvils to his percussion. In 1942 he formed Spike Jones and His City Slickers, and the band soon had a hit recording with “Der Fuehrer’s Face.” Jones’s comic hits con¬ tinued into the 1950s, when he also had his own TV show. Later switch¬ ing from comedy to Dixieland, the band continued to record into the 1960s.
Jones, Sir William (b. Sept. 28, 1746, London, Eng.—d. April 27, 1794, Calcutta) British orientalist, linguist, and jurist. He completed an authoritative Grammar of the Persian Language in 1771. For financial reasons he then turned to the study and practice of law. His Moallakat, a translation of seven famous Arabic odes, was published in 1782, and the following year he was knighted and sailed for Calcutta (now Kolkata) as judge of the Supreme Court. He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal
John Paul Jones, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 1781.
COURTESY OF THE INDEPENDENCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK COLLECTION, PHILADELPHIA
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
998 I jongleur ► Jordan
to encourage Asian studies and published scholarly works on Hindu and Muslim law. His proposition (1786) that there was a common source for languages ranging from Celtic to Sanskrit led to recognition of the Indo- European LANGUAGE family.
jongleur \zho n -'gloer,\ English \'jaq-glor\ Professional storyteller or pub¬ lic entertainer in medieval France. His roles included those of musician, juggler, acrobat, and reciter of literary works. Jongleurs performed in mar¬ ketplaces on public holidays, in abbeys, and in castles of nobles, who some¬ times retained them in permanent employment. Jongleurs were most important in the 13th century; in the 14th century, the various facets of their role were taken over by other performers. See also goliard; trouvere.
jonquil Popular garden flower ( Narcissus jonquilla ), a Mediterranean perennial bulbous herb of the amaryllis family. Bearing long linear leaves, it is widely cultivated for its yellow or white, fragrant, short-tubed, clus¬ tered flowers. An oil from jonquil flowers is used in perfumes. See also NARCISSUS.
Jonson, Ben(jamin) (b. June 11?, 1572, London, Eng.—d. Aug. 6, 1637, London) British playwright, poet, and critic. After learning stage¬ craft as a strolling player, he wrote plays for Philip Henslowe’s theatres. In 1598 his comedy Every Man in His Humour established his reputation. He wrote several masques for the court of James I and created the “anti¬ masque” to precede the masque proper. His classic plays Volpone (1605- 06), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614) use satire to expose the follies and vices of his age, attacking greed, charlatanism, and religious hypocrisy as well as mocking the fools who fall victim to them. Regarded as the era’s leading dramatist after William Shakespeare, Jonson influenced later playwrights, notably in the dramatic characterization of Restoration comedies (see Restoration literature). He was also a lyric poet whose works include two famous elegies for his son and daughter.
Jonturkler See Young Turks
had a flourishing studio with many students. After the death of Peter Paul Rubens, to whose Baroque style he was indebted, he became the leading painter in Flanders. His paintings, crowded with robust figures, are noted for strong contrasts of light and shade and an air of sensual vitality bor¬ dering on coarseness. He also produced religious paintings and portraits. His most important commissions were two enormous murals for the royal residence called the Huis ten Bosch, near The Hague. His later works tend to be mediocre and were frequently executed by assistants.
The King Drinks, oil painting by Jacob Jordaens, 1638; in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels.
COURTESY OF THE MUSEES ROYAUX DES BEAUX-ARTS, BRUSSELS; PHOTOGRAPH, PHOTO SASKIA, NORTH AMHERST, MASS.
Jooss Vyos\, Kurt (b. Jan. 12, 1901, Wasseralfingen, Ger.—d. May 22, 1979, Heilbronn, W.Ger.) German dancer, teacher, and choreographer.
After studying dance with Rudolf Laban (1920-24), he established a school and company. He became bal¬ let master at the Essen Opera House in 1930, where he choreographed his signature ballet, The Green Table (1932). He moved his school and company to England in 1934, and his renamed Ballets Jooss toured world¬ wide until disbanding in 1947. He returned in 1949 to Essen, where he continued to choreograph works that combined ballet and modern dance in an Expressionist style.