relatively liberal and helped restore parliamentary democracy. In 1981 he deflated a potential military coup and preserved the democracy. He became the first Spanish king to visit the Americas and was the first crowned monarch to make an official visit to China. Throughout his ten¬ ure as king, he traveled abroad on many goodwill missions and was very popular at home.
Juan de Austria X.hwan-tha-'aus-tre-aN (b. Feb. 24, 1547,
Regensburg—d. Oct. 1, 1578, Bouges, near Namur, Spanish Netherlands) Illegitimate son of Emperor Charles V and half brother of Philip II. After Charles’s death, Philip gave him the name Don Juan de Austria (1559). He served as a Spanish military commander, and in 1571 he was appointed head of naval forces of the Holy League against the Ottoman Turks, achieving victory in the Battle of Lepanto. In 1576 he was appointed governor-general of the Netherlands, then in open revolt against Spanish authority. When his attempts at diplomacy failed, he resumed the war.
Juan de Fuca Strait V.hwan-do-'fyli-koV Strait, North Pacific Ocean. Located between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, U.S., and Cana¬ da’s Vancouver Island, it is 11-17 mi (18-27 km) wide and 80-100 mi (130-160 km) long. It is named for a Greek who sailed in the service of Spain and who may have visited the passage in 1592. It is used by ships bound for Vancouver and Seattle. Settlements along its banks include Vic¬ toria, B.C., and Port Angeles, Wash.
Juan Fernandez Islands Island group, South Pacific Ocean. Located 400 mi (650 km) west of Chile, it consists of two islands and an islet. They were discovered in 1563 by Spanish navigator Juan Fernandez. In 1704 Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish seaman, was stranded there alone until 1709; his adventures are believed to have inspired Daniel Defoe’s Robin¬ son Crusoe. Possessions of Chile since the early 19th century, they have often been used as penal settlements.
Juan Jose \,hwan-ho-'sa\ de Austria (b. April 7, 1629, Madrid, Spain—d. Sept. 17, 1679, Madrid) Spanish nobleman, the most famous of the illegitimate children of Philip IV. He served as a military commander from 1647, and in 1651 he led the royal forces besieging Barcelona. He served as governor of the Netherlands (1656-58). After 1665 he played an active part in the political intrigues surrounding the new king, his half brother Charles II, and he served as Charles’s chief minister (1677-79).
Juarez or Ciudad Juarez V.syu-'thath-'hwar-.esV City (pop., 2000: 1,187,275), northern Chihuahua state, Mexico. Located on the Rio Grande opposite El Paso, Texas, it was formerly known as El Paso del Norte and was renamed in 1888 for Mexico’s national hero, Benito Juarez, who head¬ quartered there in 1865. Today it is an important border city and functions as the marketing centre for a cotton-growing area. The city has grown greatly since the 1970s because of the increase in the number of export- oriented assembly plants (maquiladoras) located there. It contains the Guadalupe mission (1662).
Juarez \'hwar-3s\, Benito (Pablo) (b. March 21, 1806, San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca, Mex.—d. July 18,
1872, Mexico City) National hero and president (1861-72) of Mexico.
A Zapotec Indian, Juarez initially studied for the priesthood but later took a law degree and became a leg¬ islator, a judge, and a cabinet minis¬ ter. He led La Reforma, a liberal political and social revolution in Mexico, and, when liberal forces gained control of the national gov¬ ernment in 1855, he was able to implement his ideas. In 1857 he was elected head of the Supreme Court, which, under a new constitution, placed him first in the order of presi¬ dential succession. In 1858 a coup by conservative forces sent Mexico’s president into exile, but Juarez suc¬ ceeded him and headed a liberal gov¬ ernment that opposed the regime installed by the conservatives. After three years of civil war, the liberals prevailed. Juarez was elected presi¬ dent in 1861 and twice reelected. Early in his first term, the French under Napoleon III invaded and occupied Mexico, putting Maximilian of Austria in power in 1864. When Napoleon later withdrew his troops, Juarez
James Joyce, photograph by Gisele Freund, 1939.
GISELE FREUND
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1002 I Jubayl ► Judd
defeated Maximilian’s armies and had him executed in 1867. Juarez’s final years were marred by a loss of popular support and by personal trag¬ edy. He died in office.
Jubayl See Byblos
Jubba River \'ju-ba\ River, Somalia. Originating in southern Ethiopia, it flows south 545 mi (875 km) to the Indian Ocean just north of Kis- maayo, one of Somalia’s three main ports. It is the only river in the region that is reliably navigable.
Juchen dynasty Vzhii-'jenN or Jin dynasty (1115-1234) Dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen tribes of Manchuria. It covered much of Inner Asia and all of northern China. Like the Liao, an earlier Inner Asian dynasty, the Juchen maintained a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over the southern part of their conquests and a tribal state to rule in Inner Asia. Very conscious of preserving their ethnic iden¬ tity, they maintained their language, developed their own script, and banned Chinese clothes and customs from their army.
Judaea or Judea \ju-'de-3\ Southern division of ancient Palestine suc¬ cessively under Persian, Greek, and Roman rule. It was bounded on the north by Samaria and on the west by the Mediterranan Sea. It succeeded the Hebrew kingdom of Judah, which was destroyed by the Babylonians. The revived kingdom of Judaea was established by the Maccabees, who resisted the suppression of Judaism under foreign rule. Family disputes led to Roman intervention in 63 bc. Under Roman control, Herod (the Great) was made king of Judaea in 37 bc. After Herod’s death the coun¬ try was ruled alternately by his descendants (see Herod Antipas; Herod Agrippa I) and by Roman procurators. As a result of the Jewish revolt in ad 66, the city of Jerusalem was destroyed (ad 70). The name Judaea is used by Israelis to describe approximately the same area in the modem West Bank territory.
Judah One of the 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The tribe of Judah entered Canaan with the other Israelites after the escape from Egypt and settled in the region south of Jerusalem. It even¬ tually became the most powerful tribe, producing the kings David and Solomon, and it was prophesied that the Messiah would come from among its members. After the 10 northern tribes were dispersed by the Assyrian conquest of 721 bc, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin were left as the sole inheritors of the Mosaic covenant. Judah flourished until 586 bc, when it was overrun by the Babylonians and many of its people were carried into exile. Cyrus II allowed them to return in 538 bc, and the Temple of Jerusalem was rebuilt. The history of Judah from that time forward is the history of the Jews and Judaism. The kingdom of Judah was succeeded by Judaea.
Judah ben Samuel (d. 1217) Jewish mystic and scholar. He was a member of the Kalonymos family, which provided medieval Germany with many Jewish mystics and spiritual leaders. Around 1195 he settled in Regensburg, where he founded a yeshiva and gathered disciples such as Eleazar ben Judah of Worms. He was the founder of 12th-century German Hasidism, an ultrapious movement not directly related to 18th-century Hasidism. Book of the Pious , a compilation of the writings of Judah, his father, and Eleazar of Worms, offers a detailed manual of conduct for obser¬ vant Jews; it is one of the most important documents of medieval Judaism.
Judah ha-Nasi Vjii-ds-.ha-na-'seX (b. ad 135—d. c. 220) Palestinian Jewish scholar. A descendant of the great sage Hillel, he was patriarch of the Jewish community in Palestine and head of its Sanhedrin, and he became an important figure in early rabbinic Judaism. He spent over 50 years studying the oral law and is said to have compiled it into six sec¬ tions divided by subject matter, thus creating the Mishna. His exact role in the Mishna’s redaction is not known; other scholars such as Meir and Akiba ben Joseph were probably also involved.