Julian of Norwich or Juliana of Norwich (b. 1342, probably Norwich, Norfolk, Eng.—d. after 1416) English mystic. After being healed of a serious illness (1373), she wrote two accounts of her visions; her Revelations of Divine Love is remarkable for its clarity, beauty, and profundity. She spent her later life as a recluse in Norwich.
Juliana (Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina) (b. April 30, 1909, The Hague, Netherlands—d. March 20, 2004, Baarn) Queen of The Neth¬ erlands (1948-80). During World War II she took refuge in Ottawa while her husband. Prince Bernhard, remained with Queen Wilhelmina’ s govern¬ ment, which had relocated to London. Returning to The Netherlands in 1945, Juliana acted as regent during her mother’s illness and became queen when Wilhelmina abdicated. In 1980 she abdicated in favour of her daughter Beatrix.
Julio-Claudian dynasty (ad 14-68) Successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. It was a loosely defined set of kin relations rather than a direct bloodline. Tiberius’s rule was competent, with notable accomplishments, but it ended in cruel tyr¬ anny. The insane Caligula was wild and capricious. Under Claudius, Rome experienced marked development. Under Nero the empire pros¬ pered, but he was given to excesses, and his reign ended amid rebellion and civil war.
Julius II orig. Giuliano della Rovere (b. Dec. 5, 1443, Albisola, republic of Genoa—d. Feb. 21, 1513, Rome) Pope (1503-13). The nephew of Sixtus IV, he fled Rome in 1494 to escape assassination by Alexander VI. Elected pope in 1503, Julius set out to restore the Papal States, subjugating Perugia and Bologna (1508) and defeating Venice (1509) with the aid of the League of Cambrai. His first effort to expel the French from northern Italy failed, but a popular revolt drove them out in 1512, and Parma and Piacenza were added to the Papal States. The great¬ est art patron of all the popes, Julius was a close friend of Michelangelo, from whom he commissioned the sculpture of Moses and the paintings in the Sistine Chapel. He also commissioned Raphael’s Vatican frescoes.
Julius Caesar See Julius Caesar
July Days (1917) Period in the Russian Revolution of 1917 during which Petrograd workers and soldiers staged armed demonstrations against the provisional government that resulted in a temporary decline of Bolshevik influence and in the formation of a new provisional government headed by Aleksandr Kerensky. To undermine Bolshevik popularity, the govern¬ ment produced evidence that Vladimir Ilich Lenin had ties with the German government. The public reacted against the Bolsheviks, Lenin fled to Fin¬
land, and Leon Trotsky and other leaders were jailed. The reorganized gov¬ ernment was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October.
July Plot or Rastenburg Assassination Plot Abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek more favourable peace terms from the Allies. According to plan, Col. Claus von Stauffenberg (1907- 44) left a bomb in a briefcase in a conference room at the field headquar¬ ters at Rastenburg, East Prussia, where Hitler was meeting with top military aides. But the briefcase was pushed behind a table support, and Hitler survived the blast with minor injuries. Meanwhile, the other con¬ spirators in Berlin failed to act. The chief conspirators, including Stauffen¬ berg, Gen. Ludwig Beck, Gen. Erwin Rommel, and other top officers, were promptly shot or forced to commit suicide. In subsequent days, Hitler’s police rounded up about 200 conspirators, who were shot, hanged, or viciously strangled.
July Revolution (1830) Insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. It was precipitated on July 26 by Charles X’s publica¬ tion of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814. Demonstrations were followed by three days of fighting (July 27-29), Charles’s abdication, and the proclamation of Louis-Philippe as king. The bourgeoisie secured a political and social ascendancy that was to charac¬ terize the subsequent July Monarchy.
jump rope or skip rope Children’s game in which players hold a rope (jump rope) at each end and twirl it in a circle, while one or more players jump over it each time it reaches its lowest point. Dating from the 19th century, it is traditionally a girl’s sidewalk or playground game that usually involves the chanting of a counting rhyme (e.g., “One, two, touch my shoe”). There are many types of jumps, including single, double, and backward; in “double Dutch,” two ropes are twirled simultaneously in opposite directions. Single-rope jumping, or rope skipping, is popular with boxers to develop the lungs and legs and improve coordination and footwork.
JunaycJ Xju-'nldV Shaykh (b. 1430, Iranian Azerbaijan?—d. March 4, 1460, near the Kura River) Fourth head of the Safavid order of Sufi mys¬ tics. He became head of the order on his father’s death in 1447 and set out to turn a society known for piety and learning into a political force. The arming of his followers led to a conflict with Jahan Shah (died 1467), ruler of Iranian Azerbaijan, and resulted in the expulsion of Junayd and his followers from Ardabll, the traditional centre of the Safavid order, in 1448. He continued his military adventurism in the lands of present-day Syria and Turkey and was finally killed in battle against a force of Chris¬ tian Circassians. His policies were carried on by his son, Haydar, and eventually culminated in the found¬ ing of the Safavid dynasty under Junayd’s grandson, Isma'Tl I, assuring the dominance of ShT'ite Islam in Iran.
junco Any of several species of finchlike birds (genus Junco , family Fringillidae), about 6 in. (15 cm) long, of Canada and the U.S. Juncos are usually a shade of gray; they have white outer tail feathers that are flashed in flight to the accompani¬ ment of snapping or twittering calls.
They are common winter birds.
Their favored habitat is mixed or coniferous forest, though they are often found in fields, thickets, and city parks.
June beetle or May beetle or June bug Any insect of the genus Phyllophaga, belonging to a widely distributed, plant-feeding scarab beetle subfamily (Melolonthinae).
These red-brown beetles commonly appeal* in the Northern Hemisphere on warm spring evenings and are attracted to lights. Heavy-bodied, they are 0.5-1 in. (1.2-2.5 cm) long and have shiny wing covers. They feed on foliage and flowers at night,
Julian the Apostate, detail of a marble statue; in the Louvre, Paris
GIRAUDON/ART RESOURCE, NEW YORK
Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis)
STEVE AND DAVE MASLOWSKI
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June beetle [Phyllophaga rugosa).
HARRY ROGERS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
June Days ► Jupiter I 1005
sometimes causing considerable damage. The larvae live in the soil, and can destroy crops and kill lawns and pastures by severing the grasses from their roots; they are considered excellent fish bait.
June Days (June 23-26, 1848) In French history, a brief and bloody civil uprising in Paris in the early days of the Second Republic. The new government instituted numerous radical reforms, but the new assembly, composed mainly of moderate and conservative candidates, was deter¬ mined to cut costs and end risky experiments such as public works pro¬ grams to provide for the unemployed. Thousands of Parisian workers— suddenly cut off from the state payroll—were joined by radical sympathizers and took to the streets in spontaneous protest. The assem¬ bly gave Gen. Louis- Eugene Cavaignac authority to suppress the uprising, and he brought up artillery against the protesters’ barricades. At least 1,500 rebels were killed, 12,000 were arrested, and many were exiled to Algeria. See also Revolutions of 1848.
Juneau \'jii-no\ City (pop., 2000: 30,711), capital of Alaska, U.S. Located in southeastern Alaska, it was settled in 1880 when Joe Juneau and Richard Harris discovered gold nearby. Mining was important until the Alaska-Juneau gold mine closed in 1944. Juneau was made the state capital in 1959. Fishing, forestry, and government activities are important, as is tourism. In 1970 Juneau merged with Douglas, on an island across the channel, to form the largest U.S. city in area (3,108 sq mi [8,050 sq km]).