Jung VyuqV Carl (Gustav) (b. July 26, 1875, Kesswil, Switz.—d. June 6, 1961, Kusnacht) Swiss psychiatrist. As a youth he read widely in philosophy and theology. After taking his medical degree (1902), he worked in Zurich with Eugen Bleuler on studies of mental illness. From this research emerged Jung’s notion of the complex, or cluster of emo¬ tionally charged (and largely unconscious) associations. Between 1907 and 1912 he was Sigmund Freud’s close collaborator and most likely suc¬ cessor, but he broke with Freud over the latter’s insistence on the sexual basis of neuroses. In the succeeding years Jung founded the field of ana¬ lytic psychology, a response to Freud’s psychoanalysis. Jung advanced the concepts of the introvert and extravert personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious (the pool of human experience passed from gen¬ eration to generation). He went on to formulate new psychotherapeutic techniques designed to reacquaint the person with his unique “myth” or place in the collective unconscious, as expressed in dream and imagina¬ tion. Sometimes dismissed as disguised religion and criticized for its lack of verifiability, Jung’s perspective nonetheless remains influential in reli¬ gion and literature as well as psychiatry. His important works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912; revised as Symbols of Transfor¬ mation), Psychological Types (1921), Psychology and Religion (1938), and Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962).
jungle fowl Any of four species of Asian birds (genus Gallus) that dif¬ fer from other species in the pheasant family in having, in the male, a fleshy comb, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and a high-arched tail. The red jungle fowl is the ancestor of the chicken. The cock has shining silky plumage, red on the head and back and green-black elsewhere; the hen is rusty brown with speckled neck and minimal comb.
junior college or community college Educational institution that provides up to two years of COLLEGE-Ievel academic, technical, and voca¬ tional instruction with emphasis on career preparation. Roots of the jun¬ ior college may be traced to the Chautauqua movement and other adult- education programs created after the American Civil War. The first junior college opened in Joliet, Ill., in 1901. The vast majority of junior colleges are publicly supported; called community colleges, they offer a variety of flexible programs that are often nontraditional in style and content. They have pioneered in offering part-time study, evening sessions, instruction by television, weekend workshops, and other services for members of their communities. Students rarely live on campus. Graduates of junior or community colleges ordinarily earn an associate’s degree. They then transfer to a four-year college or enter the workforce. See also con¬ tinuing EDUCATION.
juniper Any of about 60-70 spe¬ cies of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs that make up the genus Juni- perus of the CYPRESS family, found throughout the Northern Hemi¬ sphere. Juvenile leaves are needle¬
like; mature leaves are awl-shaped, spreading, and arranged in pairs or in whorls of three. Common juniper (7. communis ) is a sprawling shrub whose fragrant, spicy-smelling berries are used to flavour foods and alco¬ holic beverages, particularly gin. The fragrant wood of eastern red cedar (7. virginiana ) is made into cabinets, fence posts, and pencils. 7. horizon¬ talis is a popular U.S. ornamental creeping juniper, and wood of the Mediterranean Phoenician juniper (7. phoenicea ) is burned as incense.
junk Classic Chinese sailing vessel of ancient unknown origin, still in wide use. High-sterned, with a pro¬ jecting bow, the junk carries up to five masts on which are set square sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips.
Each sail can be spread or closed at a pull, like a Venetian blind. The massive rudder takes the place of a keel. Chinese junks were sailing to Indonesian and Indian waters by the early Middle Ages.
junk bond Bond paying a high yield but also presenting greater risk than comparable securities. Junk bonds can be identified through the lower grades assigned by rating ser¬ vices (e.g., BBB instead of AAA for the highest quality bonds). Because the possibility of default is great, junk bonds are usually considered too risky for investment by the large institutional investors (savings and loan associations, pension funds, insurance companies, and mutual funds) that provide U.S. corporations with much of their investment capital. Junk bonds are often issued by smaller, newer companies.
Juno In Roman religion, the chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupi¬ ter. She was identified with the Greek goddess Hera. With Jupiter and Minerva she was a member of the Capitoline triad of deities tradi¬ tionally introduced into Rome by the Etruscans. She was connected with all aspects of the lives of women, particularly marriage. Individual¬ ized, she became a female guardian spirit; as every man had his genius, so every woman had her juno. Her temple in Rome eventually housed the Roman mint, and she was invoked as the savior of the state.
Her sacred bird was the peacock.
Jupiter or Jove Chief god of ancient Rome and Italy. Like his Greek counterpart, Zeus, he was wor¬ shiped as a sky god. With Juno and Minerva he was a member of the triad of deities traditionally believed to have been introduced into Rome by the Etruscans. Jupiter was associ¬ ated with treaties, alliances, and oaths; he was the protecting deity of the republic and later of the reigning emperor. His oldest temple was on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. He was worshiped on the summits of hills throughout Italy, and all places struck by lightning became his prop¬ erty. His sacred tree was the oak.
Jupiter Fifth planet from the Sun, the largest nonstellar object in the solar system. It has 318 times the mass and more than 1,400 times the volume of Earth. Its enormous mass gives it nearly 2.5 times the gravity of Earth (measured at the top of Jupiter’s atmosphere), and it exerts strong effects on other members of the solar system. It is responsible for the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt and changes in the orbits of comets; it may act as
Modern junk with traditional matting sails and a European-type jib
BBC HULTON PICTURE LIBRARY
Juno, classical sculpture; in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples
AUNARI-ART RESOURCE
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1006 I Jupiter Dolichenus ► Justin Martyr
a “sweeper,” pulling in bodies that might otherwise collide with other planets. Jupiter has more than 60 moons (see Galilean satellite) and a dif¬ fuse ring system discovered in 1979 by the Voyager spacecraft. The planet is a gas giant, composed mainly of hydrogen and helium in proportions near those of the Sun, which it orbits every 11.9 years at an average dis¬ tance of 483 million mi (778 million km). Its rapid rotation (9 hr 55.5 min) acts on electric currents to give it the largest magnetic field of any of the planets and causes intense storms, including one that has lasted hundreds of years (the Great Red Spot). Little is known of its interior, but it is presumed to have a deep layer of metallic hydrogen and a dense core. Its central temperature is estimated to be 45,000 °F (25,000 °C); it radi¬ ates twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun, probably largely heat left over from its formation.
Jupiter Dolichenus \,do-li-'ka-n3s\ God of a Roman mystery cult. He was originally a Hittite-Hurrian god of fertility and thunder worshiped at Doliche in Anatolia. He also became identified with the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda as a lord of the universe. Returning legions carried his cult to Rome, where it became popular in the 2nd-3rd century ad. In Roman mystery religion he was believed to control military success and safety. He was usually represented standing on a bull holding a double ax and thun¬ derbolt.