Karnali River See Ghaghara River
Karnataka \kar-'na-t3-k3\ formerly Mysore \mI-'sor\ State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 52,733,958), southwestern India. Lying on the Arabian Sea, it is bordered by the states of Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. It has an area of 74,051 sq mi (191,791 sq km); its capital is Bangalore. It occupies the plateau region of the southern Dec¬
can and the hill region of the Western Ghats. The area was ruled by a series of Hindu dynasties before coming under British control in 1831. Mysore returned to native rule in 1881 as a princely state. Its name was changed to Karnataka (“lofty land”) in 1973. About 80% of the popula¬ tion is engaged in agriculture. Rice and sugarcane are cultivated on the coastal plain, and coffee and tea are grown in the hill region. The popu¬ lation is largely Dravidian, and the Kannada language is widely spoken.
Karnten \'kemt- 3 n\ or Carinthia State (pop., 2004 est.: 559,078), southern Austria. Bordered by Italy and Slovenia, it occupies an area of 3,682 sq mi (9,536 sq km) and has its capital at Klagenfurt. Originally inhabited by Celts, it became part of the Roman province of Noricum. Made a separate duchy in 976, it was a crown land of the Habsburgs in 1335. After World War I, parts were claimed by Yugoslavia and Italy.
Karo \'ka-ro\, Joseph ben Ephraim (b. 1488, Spain—d. March 24, 1575, Safed, Palestine) Spanish-born Jewish scholar. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, he and his parents settled in Turkey. Around 1536 he emigrated to Safed in Palestine, where he studied the Talmud and systematized the vast body of material produced by post-Talmudic writ¬ ers. He was the author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the House of Joseph, which was later condensed as The Well-Laid Table and is still authoritative for Orthodox Judaism.
Karolyi Vka-rol-ye\, Mihaly, Count (b. March 4, 1875, Fot, Hung., Austria-Hungary—d. March 20, 1955, Vence, France) Hungarian states¬ man. A member of one of the wealthiest families of the Hungarian aris¬ tocracy, he entered parliament in 1910 and tried to advance radical ideas in a conservative state, advocating universal suffrage, concessions to Hun¬ gary’s non-Magyar subjects, and a policy of friendship with states other than Germany. After World War I he served as prime minister in 1918— 19, and he tried unsuccessfully to gain a favourable peace settlement from the Allies. After two months as president of the short-lived Hungarian republic in 1919, he resigned and was replaced by Bela Kun. He fled abroad, but he returned to Hungary in 1946 and served as ambassador to France (1947-49).
Karpov Vkar-,p6f\, Anatoly (Yevgenyevich) (b. May 23, 1951, Zlatoust, U.S.S.R.) Russian chess master. His first great success was win¬ ning the 1969 World Junior (under 20) Championship. Karpov was declared world champion in 1975 when the reigning champion Bobby Fi¬ scher and the International Chess Federation (FIDE) could not agree on conditions for their title match. Karpov defended the title several times before losing it in 1985 to Garry Kasparov. Karpov regained the FIDE championship in 1993 after Kasparov was stripped of the title. In 1999 Karpov refused to defend his FIDE title, which was won by Alexander Khalifman of Russia.
Karsavina \kar-'sa-v3-n3\, Tamara (Platonovna) (b. March 9/10, 1885, St. Petersburg, Russia—d. May 26, 1978, Beaconsfield, Bucking¬ hamshire, Eng.) Russian-born British dancer. She trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg and joined the Mariinsky Theatre company in 1902. She joined the Ballets Russes at its formation in 1909; dancing with Vaslav Nijinsky until 1913, she created most of the leading roles in Michel Fokine’s neo-Romantic repertoire, including Les Sylphides, Car- naval, Le Spectre de la rose, and The Firebird. She settled in London, where she helped found the Royal Academy of Dancing in 1920 and the Camargo Society in 1930 and later coached Margot Fonteyn.
Karsh, Yousuf (b. Dec. 23, 1908,
Mardin, Tur.—d. July 13, 2002, Bos¬ ton, Mass., U.S.) Turkish-born Cana¬ dian photographer. As an Armenian in Turkey, he endured persecution before emigrating at 16 to Canada, where he joined his photographer uncle. He worked for a Boston por¬ trait photographer (1928-31) then returned to Canada and soon opened his own studio in Ottawa. In 1935 he was appointed official portrait pho¬ tographer of the Canadian govern¬ ment. His portrait of Winston Churchill (1941) brought him inter¬ national fame. “Karsh of Ottawa” Karsh, self-portrait, 1988. went on to photograph hundreds of 1988 OF ottawa/woodfin camp & assoc.
Theodore von Karman.
COURTESY OF THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PASADENA
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Karter ► Katsina I 1019
the world’s most prominent figures, including royalty, statesmen, artists, and writers, employing dramatic lighting techniques to produce idealized likenesses.
Karter or Kartir (fl. 3rd century ad, Iran) Persian high priest of Zoro¬ astrianism. Under the protection of a series of Persian kings, he restored the purity of Zoroastrianism and tried to purge the kingdom of all other religions. His chief rival was the prophet Mani, founder of Manichaeism. At Karter’s instigation, Mani was put in prison, where he eventually died. After Karter’s death a degree of religious tolerance returned to Persia.
karting Driving and racing miniature, skeleton-frame, rear-engine auto¬ mobiles called karts or GoKarts. The sport originated in the U.S. in the 1950s after the first kart had been assembled from unwanted lawn-mower parts. It thereafter developed into an international sport in Europe. Speeds of 100 mph (160 kph) are not uncommon.
Karun \ka-'run\ River River, southwestern Iran. A tributary of the Shatt al-Arab, it rises in the Bakhtlarl Mountains and flows through moun¬ tains for 515 mi (829 km). The Haffar Channel, dug in 986, changed its course, causing frontier disputes between Iran and the Ottoman Empire; Iran gained the right to the waterway by treaty in 1847.
Kasai River \ka-'s!\ River, central Africa. It is the chief southern tribu¬ tary of the Congo River, measuring 1,338 mi (2,153 km) from its source in Angola to its confluence with the Congo. It runs east for its first 250 mi (400 km), then turns north to form the border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). It is unnavigable in the north, but water traffic is heavy from Kinshasa to Ilebo. After the Kasai is joined by the Kwango River, it is known as the Kwa.
Kasanje \ka-'san-ja\ Historical African kingdom, on the upper Kwango River in what is now Angola. Founded in 1620 by a group from Lunda, its people became known as the Imbangala. By the mid-17th century, it had a thriving trade with the states of the interior and with Portuguese traders. Its monopoly of inland Portuguese-African trade lasted until 1850, when Ovimbundu opened alter¬ native routes and markets. Occupied by the Portuguese, Kasanje was incorporated into Portuguese Angola in 1910-11.
Kasavubu Nka-sa-'vu-buX, Joseph (b. 1910?, Tshela, Belgian Congo—d. March 24, 1969, Boma)
First president (1960-65) of inde¬ pendent Congo (Kinshasa). He held a variety of administrative posts before agreeing to serve as president in Patrice Lumumba’s government.
When Katanga province under Moise Tshombe seceded a few days after independence, Kasavubu threw his support to Tshombe and, together with Col. J. Mobutu (see Mobutu Sese Seko), ousted Lumumba. Four years later a split between Kasavubu and Tshombe enabled Mobutu to seize control.
Kashmir Region of the northwest¬ ern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded to the northeast and east by China, to the south by India, to the west by Pakistan, and to the north¬ west by Afghanistan. The land is predominantly mountainous and includes K2 and other peaks of the Karakoram Range. India and Pakistan have dis¬ puted over the region since India’s partition in 1947. Pakistan occupies the northern and western portions, and India administers the largest area,