in the south and southeast, organized as the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, China has held portions of the northeastern section since 1962.
kashruth \ka-'shriit, 'ka-shruth\ In Judaism, the rules forbidding the eat¬ ing of certain foods and requiring that other foods be prepared in a spe¬ cific way. These rules determine which foods can be called kosher. Most information regarding kashruth is found in the Hebrew Bible in the books of Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Genesis, and Exodus. Jews observing kashruth may eat only fish with scales and fins and animals that chew the cud and have cloven feet; shellfish and pork are thus forbidden. Animals and birds must be slaughtered according to ritual and with prayer. Meat and dairy products must be strictly separated; they may not be eaten at the same meal or from the same set of dishes. No restrictions apply to the use of fruits and vegetables. During Passover, bread and other baked goods must be made without leaven.
Kaskaskia \kas-'kas-ke-o\ River River, Illinois, U.S. Rising near Urbana, it flows southwest to enter the Mississippi River after a course of 320 mi (515 km). The village of Kaskaskia, located near the junction of the river with the Mississippi, is near the site of a town founded by Jesuit missionaries in 1703. It was the capital of Illinois Territory (1809) and of the state (1818-20). It was severely damaged by floods several times.
Kasparov \kas-'par-6A, Garry (b. April 13, 1963, Baku, Azerbaijan, U.S.S.R.) Russian chess master. He became an international grandmaster following his victory in the 1980 World Junior (under 20) Championship. In 1984-85 Kasparov met world champion Anatoly Karpov in a match that was aborted after five months of play; in late 1985, Kasparov won a 24-game return match 13-11. The International Chess Federation (FIDE) stripped him of his title in 1993 in a conflict over the venue for a cham¬ pionship match, but the rest of the chess world still accepted him as champion. In 1996 Kasparov defeated IBM’s custom-built chess com¬ puter Deep Blue in a match that attracted worldwide attention. In a 1997 rematch, an upgraded Deep Blue prevailed. In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match to Vladimir Kramnik of Russia.
Katagum Xko-'ta-gomV Traditional emirate, northern Nigeria. The emir¬ ate became part of Katagum province under British rule in 1903. Its seat, also named Katagum, was transferred to Azare in 1916. The emirate became part of Bauchi state in 1926.
Kathiawar \,ka-te-3-'war\ Peninsula Peninsula, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. Occupying an area of 23,000 sq mi (60,000 sq km), it is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the southwest. It was first occupied in prehistoric times and was settled in the 3nd-2nd millen¬ nium bc by Harappan peoples. It was ruled by many great dynasties beginning with the Mauryan empire in the 3rd century bc. The area came under Muslim rule in the 13th century and became part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. Many of its small princely states came under British protection after 1820. Made a part of Gujarat state in 1960, it is the site of a national park that contains the last wild Asiatic lions in India.
Kathmandu or Katmandu V.kat-man-'diA City (pop., 2000 est.: 701,499), capital of Nepal. Situated near the confluence of the Baghmati and Vishnumati rivers at an elevation of 4,344 ft (1,324 m), it was founded in 723. Its name refers to a temple (kath, “wood”; mandir, “temple”) said to have been built from the wood of a single tree in 1596. The seat of the ruling Shah family of the Gurkha people since 1768, it is Nepal’s most important business and commercial centre and the site of Tribhuvan Uni¬ versity.
Katmai \'kat-,ml\ National Park and Preserve National park, southwestern Alaska, U.S., at the head of the Alaska Peninsula. Occupy¬ ing an area of 4,090,000 acres (1,655,000 hectares), it was proclaimed a national monument in 1918 after the eruption of Novarupta in 1912. The eruption converted the valley into a wasteland known as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, and the volcanic crater later became a lake. The park abounds in wildlife, including large numbers of brown and grizzly bears.
Katowice \,ka-t6-'vet-s9\ City (pop., 2000 est.: 340,539), south-central Poland. Located in the midst of the coalfields of Upper Silesia, it was settled by 1598. It became a city in 1865, when coal mining began in the region. It became part of Poland in 1922 and has since incorporated sur¬ rounding villages. It is a centre of mining and heavy industry and an important rail junction.
Katsina \'kat-se-na\ City (pop., 1991: 259,315), northern Nigeria. Prob¬ ably founded c. 1100, it was the capital of the kingdom of Katsina, one
Dam on the Karun River, Iran
DENNIS BRISKIN/TOM STACK & ASSOCIATES
Kasavubu
AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1020 I Katsura Imperial Villa ► Kawabata
of the earliest Hausa states, and an ancient centre of learning. The city’s Fulani emirs retain traditional and advisory roles. It is a market for local agricultural products as well as a centre for traditional crafts and indus¬ try.
Katsura Vkat-su-ra\ Imperial Villa Estate constructed in 1620-24 on the southwestern edge of Kyoto, Japan. It was an outstanding attempt to integrate the styles of the Heian period with the architectural innovations spurred by the development of the tea ceremony. Carefully planned mean¬ dering paths lead to and from the central structures and through gardens dotted with small pavilions and tea huts offering orchestrated views. The main buildings, set into a landscape created for them, include three attached structures in a typical shoin-zukuri style.
Kattegat Arm of the North Sea, between Sweden and Jutland, Den¬ mark. Its maximum width is 88 mi (142 km). It is connected with both the North and Baltic seas. o Chief ports on its shores are Goteborg and Halmstad in Sweden and Arhus in Denmark. It is an important commer¬ cial navigation passage and a popular summer vacation area.
katydid Any of numerous species in several subfamilies of the long¬ horned grasshopper family (Tettigo- niidae). Generally green with long wings, katydids live on trees, bushes, or grasses, and many species resemble leaves. They are powerful jumpers; many species do not fly but merely flutter their wings during leaps. They feed chiefly on plant matter, though some also eat other insects. The true katydids of eastern North America are considered great singers; each species has its own repetitive song, which is produced only at night.
Katyn \ka-'tin\ Massacre Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggres¬ sion Pact (1939) and Germany’s defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government- in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located. In 1943 the Germans discovered mass graves in the Katyn forest in western Russia. A total of 4,443 corpses were recovered; the victims had apparently been shot from behind and then piled in stacks and buried. The Soviet government claimed the invading German army had killed them, but it refused Polish requests to have the Red Cross investigate. In 1992 the Russian government released docu¬ ments proving that the Soviet secret police were responsible for the execu¬ tions and cover-up.
Kauffmann \'kauf-,man\ / (Ma¬ ria Anna) Angelica (Catha¬ rine) (b. Oct. 30, 1741, Chur,
Switz.—d. Nov. 5, 1807, Rome,
Papal States) Swiss-born Italian painter. She began studying art in Italy as a child, showing great pre¬ cocity, and in 1766 her friend Joshua Reynolds took her to London. There she became known for her decora¬ tive work with architects such as Robert Adam. Her pastoral composi¬ tions incorporate delicate and grace¬ ful depictions of gods and goddesses; though her paintings are Rococo in tone and approach, her figures are Neoclassical (see Classi¬ cism and Neoclassicism). Her portraits of female sitters are among her fin¬ est works. After marrying the painter Antonio Zucchi (1726-95), she returned to Italy in 1781.