Key West City (pop., 2000: 25,478), southwestern Florida, U.S. The southernmost city of the continental U.S., it lies on an island about 4 mi (6.5 km) long and 1.5 mi (2.4 km) wide in the western Florida Keys. The name is an English corruption of Cayo Hueso (“Bone Islet”), as it was called by Spanish explorers who found human bones there. In 1822 a U.S. naval depot was set up on Key West as a base of operations against pirates. Now a winter resort, Key West is also a tourist destination. Many writers and artists have lived there, and the homes of Ernest Hemingway and John James Audubon have been preserved.
Keynes \'kanz\, John Maynard, Baron Keynes of Tilton (b.
June 5, 1883, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.—d. April 21, 1946, Firle, Sussex) British economist, known for his revolutionary theories on the causes of prolonged unemployment. The son of the distinguished econo¬ mist John Neville Keynes (1852-1949), he served in the British treasury during World War I and attended the Versailles Peace Conference. He resigned in protest over the Treaty of Versailles, denouncing its provisions in The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), and he returned to teaching at the University of Cambridge. The international economic crisis
Male common kestrel (Falco tinnuncu¬ lus).
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1030 I Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park ► Khatami
of the 1920s and ’30s prompted him to write The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935-36), the most influential eco¬ nomic treatise of the 20th century. It refuted laissez-faire economic theo¬ ries, arguing that the treatment for economic depression was either to enlarge private investment or to cre¬ ate public substitutes for private investment. Keynes argued that in mild economic downturns, monetary policy in the form of easier credit and lower interest rates might stimulate investment. More severe crises called for deliberate public deficits (see defi¬ cit financing), either in the shape of public works or subsidies to the poor and unemployed. Keynes’s theories were put into practice by many West¬ ern democracies, notably by the U.S. in the New Deal. Interested in the design of new international financial institutions at the end of World War II, Keynes was active at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.
John Maynard Keynes, detail of a watercolour by Gwen Raverat, about 1908; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Nature conservation area in the Kalahari Desert. It lies on the border of South Africa and Botswana and occupies an area of 14,668 sq mi (37,991 sq km), with about three-quarters of it contained in Botswana. Its wildlife includes gemsboks, gnu (wilde¬ beests), springbok, lions, jackals, and ostriches. It was officially estab¬ lished in 2000 by merging Kalahari Gemsbok National Park in South Africa with Gemsbok National Park in Botswana. Both parks were origi¬ nally established in the 1930s to protect migratory animal populations that cross the border between the two countries.
KGB Russian Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti
(“Committee for State Security”) Soviet agency responsible for intelli¬ gence, counterintelligence, and internal security. It was the descendant of earlier agencies. The Cheka was established in 1917 to investigate coun¬ terrevolution and sabotage. Its successor, the GPU (later OGPU), was the new Soviet Union’s first secret-police agency (1923); it also administered corrective labor camps and oversaw the forcible collectivization of Rus¬ sia’s farms. By 1931 it had its own army and its spies and informers were ubiquitous. In 1934 it was absorbed into the NKVD, which carried out extensive purges. In 1941 the state-security and espionage functions were combined in the MGB. In 1954 the KGB was created. At its peak, it was the world’s largest secret-police and espionage organization. It lost power under Mikhail Gorbachev, especially after leading a failed coup d’etat (1991). It was renamed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and its internal-security functions were segregated from its espionage and coun¬ terespionage operations.
Khabur Vka-,bur\ River Turkish Habur River, southeastern Turkey and northeastern Syria. It rises in the mountains of southeastern Turkey and flows southeast to Syria, where it is joined by the Jaghjagh River; it then meanders south and empties into the Euphrates River after a course of 200 mi (320 km). It is an important irrigation source for northeastern Syria.
Khachaturian \,ka-ch9-'tur-e-3n\, Aram (Ilyich) (b. June 6, 1903, Tbilisi, Georgia, Russian Empire—d. May 1, 1978, Moscow, U.S.S.R.) Soviet (Armenian) composer. He studied with Reinhold Gliere (1875— 1956) and Nikolay Myaskovsky (1881-1950). He gained international notice when Sergey Prokofiev recommended one of his pieces for a Paris concert. Active in the composer’s union, Khachaturian (along with Dmitry Shostakovich and Prokofiev) was criticized by the government in 1948 for “formalist tendencies,” though his music was in fact always conservative and accessible. After Joseph Stalin’s death (1953), Khachaturian published a call for greater artistic freedom. His ballet scores include Masquerade (1944) and Spartacus (1954); Gayane (1943) contains the well-known “Sabre Dance.” Other popular pieces include his piano and violin con¬ certos.
Khadafy, Muammar al- See Muammar al-QADDAFi Khafaje See Tutub Khalil, Al- See Hebron Khalkis See Chalkis
Khama III (b. c. 1837, Mushu, Bechuanaland—d. Feb. 21, 1923, Serowe) South African chief. In 1885 he had Bechuanaland (now Botswana) declared a protectorate of the British Empire. He lent rein¬ forcements to the British expedition that crushed Lobengula in 1893. His grandson Sir Seretse Khama (1921-80) was the first president of inde¬ pendent Botswana (r. 1966-80).
Khambhat Vkom-botV, Gulf of or Gulf of Cambay \kam-'ba\ Inlet, Arabian Sea, on the western coast of India, southeast of the Kathi¬ awar Peninsula. It is 120 mi (190 km) wide at its widest but narrows rap¬ idly. It receives many rivers, including the Tapti and Mahi. Its orientation to the southwestern monsoon winds produces a high tidal range. All its ports have suffered from silting caused by tides and flood torrents. On its eastern side are Bharuch, one of India’s oldest ports, and Surat. At the gulfs head is the city of Khambhat (Cambay; pop., 2001: 80,452), which was mentioned by Marco Polo as a busy port.
khan Historically, the ruler or monarch of a Mongol tribe. Early on a distinction was made between the title of khan and that of khdkan, or “great khan.” Later the term khan was adopted by the Seuuq and Khwarezm-Shah dynasties as a title for the highest nobility. Gradually it became an affix to the name of any Muslim property owner. Today it is often used as a surname.
Khanka Vkan-ko\, Lake Chinese Xingkai Hu or Hsing-K'ai Hu
Vshirj-'kl-'hiiV Lake on the boundary between Siberia and China. Most of the lake is in Russian territory while the northern shore is in China’s Heilongjiang province. It varies in area from 1,500 to 1,700 sq mi (4,000 to 4,400 sq km), and much of its shore is swampland. Its outlet is a tribu¬ tary of the Ussuri River.
Khanfy See Siberian peoples
Kharijite Vkar-i-jlt\ Member of the earliest Islamic sect, which emerged in the mid-7th century during conflicts over the succession of the caliph¬ ate (see caliph). The Kharijites (“separatists”) took sides against c Au, the Prophet’s son-in-law (whose followers later made up the ShCite branch of Islam), and led a series of uprisings, assassinating ‘All and harassing his rival Mu'awiyah. They later caused further disruptions for the Umayyad caliphs. Their constant attacks on Muslim governments were based on their belief that the caliph should be chosen by the entire Muslim com¬ munity. They called for a literal interpretation of the Qur’an and were harsh and puritanical in the exercise of their religion. The movement’s Tbadiyyah subsect survived into the 20th century in North Africa, Oman, and Zanzibar.