Khuddaka Nikaya Vku-do-ko-'ne-ko-yoX (Pali: “Short Collection”) Collection of Buddhist texts. It constitutes the fifth and last section of the Pali-language Sutta Pitaka, one of the sacred texts of Theravada Buddhism. Written between 500 bc and the 1st century ad, its contents include ser¬ mons and doctrinal and ethical discourses attributed to the Buddha. It also contains all the major poetic works of the Pali canon (see Tripitaka).
Khulna \'kul-no\ City (pop., 2001: city, 811,490; urban agglom., 1,287,987), southwestern Bangladesh. Located east-northeast of Kolkata (Calcutta), India, it is an important river port and trade centre and is con¬ nected by river steamer, road, and rail to the major cities of the southern Ganges- (Ganga-) Brahmaputra delta. A municipality since 1884, it is the seat of a university.
Khurasan See Khorasan
Khurlya MurTya Vku-'re-ya-mu-'re-yaV Islands or Kuria Muria
\'kur-e-3-'mur-e-9\ Islands Island group, Oman. Located in the Arabian Sea off the country’s southeastern coast, it comprises five mainly uninhab¬ ited islands with a total land area of 28 sq mi (73 sq km). Al-Hallanlyah Island, the largest, is sparsely inhabited. The sultan of Oman ceded the islands to Britain in 1854, and they became part of the British colony of Aden in 1937. Britain returned the islands to Oman in 1967.
Khwarezm \'kwa-,rez- 3 m\ or Khwarizm \'kwa- I riz- 3 m\ Historic region along the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River), in modem Turkmen¬ istan and Uzbekistan. It formed part of the empire of Achaemenian Per¬ sia in the 6th-4th centuries bc. The Arabs conquered it in the 7th century ad. In the following centuries it was ruled by many, including the Seljuqs, Khwarezm-shahs, Mongols, and Timurids, until the early 16th century, when it became the centre of the khanate of Khiva. In 1873 Russia con¬ quered the region and made it a protectorate. After the Russian Revolu¬ tion of 1917, the khanate was replaced by a Soviet republic, which was later dissolved and incorporated into the U.S.S.R.
Khwarezm-Shah Vkwa- l rez- 3 m-'sha\ dynasty (c. 1077-1231) Dynasty that ruled Central Asia and Iran, first as vassals of the Seuuq dynasty and then independently. It was founded by a slave, Anustegin GharachaT, who was appointed governor of Khwarezm. At its peak under ‘Ala 5 al-Dln Muhammad (r. 1200-20) and his son Jalal al-Dln Mingburnu (1220-31), the dynasty’s territory extended from India to Anatolia. It fell to Genghis Khan in 1231.
Khwarizmi, al- See al-Khwarizmi
Khyber Vki-b3r\ Pass Pass in the Spin Ghar (Safid Kuh) Range on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. About 33 mi (53 km) long, it has historically been the gateway for invasions of the Indian subcontinent from the northwest; it was traversed by Persians, Greeks, Mughals, and Afghans from the north and by the British from the south. The Pashtun Afridi people of the Khyber area long resisted foreign control, but dur¬ ing the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1879, the Khyber tribes came under British rule. It is now controlled by Pakistan.
Kiangsi See Jiangxi Kiangsu See Jiangsu
Kiarostami, Abbas (b. June 22, 1940, Tehran, Ran) Iranian director. Kiarostami was hired in 1969 by the Institute for the Intellectual Devel¬ opment of Children and Young Adults to establish its film division. The institute produced his first film as a director, the lyrical short The Bread and Alley (1970), which featured elements that define his work— impro¬ vised performances, documentary textures, and real-life rhythms. His first feature, Mosafer (1974), is a portrait of a troubled adolescent. Where Is the Friend’s Home? (1987) gained him international acclaim, and he fol¬ lowed with several masterful films, including Close-up (1990), Through the Olive Trees (1994), The Taste of Cherry (1997), and The Wind Will Carry Us (1999). In the 1980s Kiarostami created documentaries exam-
Nikita Khrushchev, 1960.
WERNER WOLF/BLACK STAR
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kibbutz ► Kiefer I 1033
ining the lives of Iranian schoolchildren, and his film ABC Africa (2001) examined the blight of orphans in AIDS-ravaged Africa.
kibbutz \ki-'buts\ Israeli communal settlement in which all wealth is held in common and profits are reinvested in the settlement. The first kib¬ butz was founded in Palestine in 1909; most have since been agricultural. Adults live in private quarters; children are generally housed and cared for as a group. Meals are prepared and eaten communally. Members have regular meetings to discuss business and to take votes on matters requir¬ ing decisions. Jobs may be assigned by rotation, by choice, or by skill. The kibbutz movement declined dramatically in the late 20th century. But kibbutzim continued to play in important role in the tourism industry in Israel, attracting students and other short-term residents, mostly Jews from overseas seeking a link with the past. See also moshav.
Kiche See Quiche
Kickapoo North American Indian people related to the Sauk and Fox and living in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, U.S., and northern Mexico. The name is a variant of the Algonquin word kiwegapawa, meaning “he stands about” or “he moves about.” Their language is of the Algonquian family, and they formerly inhabited what is now south-central Wisconsin, U.S. The Kickapoo were formidable warriors, whose raids took them as far as the southern and northeastern U.S. About 1765, after dispatching the Illinois Indians, they settled near Peoria, Ill., but later moved under pressure from advancing whites to Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico. By the 19th century, central tribal authority had broken down and chiefs of the various bands had become autonomous. The Kickapoo resisted acculturation and sought to retain their old ways. Some 3,500 people claimed sole Kickapoo descent in the 2000 U.S. census; this fig¬ ure does not include those living in Mexico.
Kidd, Michael orig. Milton Gruenwald (b. Aug. 12, 1919, Brook¬ lyn, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. dancer, choreographer, and director. He studied at the School of American Ballet, dancing with that company in 1937 and later with American Ballet Theatre, for which he choreographed On Stage I (1945). He choreographed many Broadway musicals, including four that won successive Tony Awards: Guys and Dolls (1951), Can-Can (1953), Li’l Abner ( 1956), and Destry Rides Again (1959). His film credits include The Bandwagon (1953), Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), and Hello, Dolly! (1969).
Kidd, William known as Captain Kidd (b. c. 1645, Greenock, Ren¬ frew, Scot.—d. May 23, 1701, London, Eng.) British privateer and pirate. He was sailing as a legitimate privateer for Britain when he was com¬ missioned in 1695 to apprehend pirates who molested the ships of the East India Company. He himself turned pirate on the voyage, took sev¬ eral ships, and mortally wounded his gunner, William Moore. He surren¬ dered in New York in 1699, having been promised a pardon. Sent to England for trial, he was found guilty of Moore’s murder and five piracy counts, and he was hanged. Some of his treasure was recovered from Gardiners Island (off Long Island), but much has apparently never been found. After his death he attained semilegendary status and was roman¬ ticized as a dashing swashbuckler.
Kidder, Alfred V(incent) (b. Oct. 29, 1885, Marquette, Mich., U.S.—d. June 11, 1963, Cambridge, Mass.) U.S. archaeologist. Kidder received his Ph.D. from Harvard University (1914) for developing the first effective pottery typology relating to the prehistory of the southwestern U.S. He later extended these interests to a classic study (1924) of the development of the Pueblo cultures and to the creation (1927) of a widely used archaeological classification system (the Pecos system) for the Southwest. In 1929 he also organized an interdisciplinary program that resulted in a far-reaching survey of cultural history in the Old and New Maya empires of Mexico and Central America. He taught at Phillips (Andover) Academy (1915-35) and at Harvard University (1939-50) and oversaw various programs at the Carnegie Institution (1927-50). He was considered the foremost archaeologist of the American Southwest and Mesoamerica of his generation.