doubled as community centres for religious activities. The Klamath’s closely related neighbours were the Modoc. Together with the Modoc and the Yahooskin band of Snake Indians, they form an entity known as the Klamath Tribes. Some 2,700 people claimed sole Klamath descent in the 2000 U.S. census.
Klamath Vkla-mothV River River, southern Oregon and northwestern California, U.S. Rising in Upper Klamath Lake just above Klamath Falls, Ore., it flows south and southwest for 250 mi (400 km) through the Kla¬ math Mountains in California and empties into the Pacific Ocean.
Klausenburg See Cluj-Napoca
klebsiella \,kleb-ze-'e-l3\ Any of the rod-shaped bacteria that make up the genus Klebsiella. They are gram-negative (see gram stain), thrive bet¬ ter without oxygen than with it, and do not move. K. pneumoniae, also called Friedlander’s bacillus, can infect the human respiratory tract and cause pneumonia and, as well as some other species, human urinary-tract and wound infections.
Klee \'kla\, Paul (b. Dec. 18, 1879, Miinchenbuchsee, Switz.—d. June 29, 1940, Muralto) Swiss painter.
After studies in Germany and Italy, he settled in Munich, where he became associated with Der Blaue Reiter (1911). He taught at the Bau- haus (1920—31), then at the Diissel- dorf Academy. He lost his post when the Nazis came to power in 1933 and returned to Switzerland. One of the foremost artists of the 20th century, he belonged to no movement, yet he assimilated and even anticipated some of the major artistic tendencies of his time. Using both representa¬ tional and abstract approaches, he produced some 9,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolours in a great variety of styles. His works, which tend to be small in scale, are remarkable for their delicate nuances of line, colour, and tonality. In Klee’s highly sophisticated art, irony and a sense of the absurd are joined to an intense evocation of the mystery and beauty of nature. Music figures prominently in his work—in his many images of opera and musicians, and to some extent as a model for his compositions. But literature had the greater pull on him; his art is steeped in poetic and mythic allusion, and the titles he gave to his pictures tend to charge them with additional meanings. His late paintings, anticipating his approaching death, are among his most memorable.
Kleiber Vkli-borV, Erich (b. Aug. 5, 1890, Vienna, Austria—d. Jan. 27, 1956, Zurich, Switz.) Austro-Hungarian conductor. After his Prague debut in 1911, he held a series of posts that led him to the Berlin State Opera, where he was music director from 1923 to 1934. There he premiered important works such as Alban Berg’s Wozzeck (1925). When the Nazis forbade the premiere of Berg’s Lulu (1934), he managed to program the suite from the opera for his last concert. After moving to Buenos Aires, he was head of the German Opera at the Teatro Colon (1937—49). His son Carlos (b. 1930) also became an internationally celebrated conductor, especially of opera, with a reputation for perfectionism equal to his father’s.
Klein, Calvin (Richard) (b. Nov. 19, 1942, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. fashion designer. He attended the Fashion Institute of Technology. He opened his own company in 1968, when casual, hippie-style clothing was in fashion, but took a different direction by designing simple, under¬ stated, elegant clothing. Though noted at first for suits and coats, he gradu¬ ally placed more emphasis on sportswear, particularly interchangeable separates. He was the first designer to win three consecutive Coty Awards for womenswear (1973-75). Over the course of the 1980s and ’90s he became known for his clothing, cosmetics, linens, and other designer col¬ lections, as well as for his erotic advertising photographs, some of which have drawn public protest. His achievements represented the maturation of the American fashion industry.
Klein, Melanie orig. Melanie Reizes (b. March 30, 1882, Vienna, Austria—d. Sept. 22, 1960, London, Eng.) Austrian-British psychoana¬ lyst. She married at age 21 and had three children before undergoing psy¬
choanalysis with Ferenczi SAndor in Budapest, Hung. She studied the psychoanalysis of young children, joining the Berlin Psychoanalytic Insti¬ tute (1921-26) and later moving to London. In works such as The Psy¬ choanalysis of Children (1932) and Narrative of a Child Analysis (1961), she asserted that children’s play was a symbolic way of controlling anxi¬ ety and that observation of free play with toys could serve as a means of determining early psychological impulses.
Klein, Yves (b. April 28, 1928, Nice, Fr.—d. June 6, 1962, Paris) French painter, sculptor, and performance artist. With no formal artistic training, he began in the mid 1950s to exhibit nonobjective paintings in which a canvas was uniformly covered in a single colour, usually blue; he also used the technique for sculptural figures and reliefs. In 1958 he produced a near-riot with an “exhibition of emptiness,” an empty gallery painted white, titled The Void. He used a variety of unorthodox methods to pro¬ duce pictures, such as imprints of the human body on paper or canvas (i anthropometries ). His work was deliberately extreme and experimental. A member of Fluxus, he greatly influenced the development of Minimal¬ ism.
Kleist \'klist\, (Bernd) Heinrich (Wilhelm) von (b. Oct. 18, 1777, Frankfurt an der Oder, Brandenburg—d. Nov. 21, 1811, Wannsee, near Berlin) German writer. He served seven years in the Prussian army, and his work first attracted attention when he was in prison accused as a spy. The grim and intense drama Penthesilea (1808) contains some of his most powerful poetry, and The Broken Pitcher (1808) is a masterpiece of dra¬ matic comedy; they were followed by Katherine ofHeilbronn (1810), Die Hermannsschlacht (1821), and The Prince of Homburg (1821). In 1811 he published a collection of eight masterly novellas, including Michael Kohlhaas, The Earthquake in Chile, and The Marquise of O. Embittered by a lack of recognition, he ended his unhappy life in a joint suicide with a young woman at age 34. He is now considered the first of the great 19th-century German dramatists, and his disturbing and densely written fictions are widely admired by writers.
Kleitias See Cleitias
Klemperer, Otto (b. May 14, 1885, Breslau, Ger.—d. July 6, 1973, ZUrich, Switz.) German conductor. After studying composition with Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949), in 1905 he met Gustav Mahler, who recommended him for several positions, including chief conductor at the Hamburg Opera (1910). At the short-lived Kroll Opera (1927-31) he conducted the Ber¬ lin premieres of many important works by contemporary composers. In 1933 he fled Germany for the U.S., conducting in Los Angeles (1933-39) and studying with Arnold Schoenberg. A brain tumour in 1939 left him partly paralyzed. From the 1950s, though seated on the podium, he cre¬ ated a much-admired recorded legacy with London’s Philharmonia Orchestra.
Kleophrades Painter See Cleophrades Painter
klezmer music Yiddish "vessel of song" Traditional music played by professional musicians (klezmorim) in the Jewish ghettos of eastern Europe, especially for weddings and other ceremonies. The klezmer tra¬ dition has its roots in medieval Europe. By the 19th century its style was well-developed, influenced not only by the liturgical music of the syna¬ gogue (which allows only unaccompanied singing), but also that of the local non-Jewish cultures. It is primarily lively dance music. Klezmer ensembles have varied considerably; in the U.S., where a klezmer revival began in the 1980s, a typical band consists of four to six musicians play¬ ing some combination of violin, clarinet, trumpet, trombone, tuba, accor¬ dion, double bass, and percussion.
Klimt, Gustav (b. July 14, 1862, Vienna, Austria—d. Feb. 6, 1918, Vienna) Austrian painter. In 1897, after a period as an academic mural- ist, his mature style emerged. Revolting against academic art in favour of a decorative style similar to Art Nouveau, he founded the Vienna Sez- ession. His most successful works include The Kiss (1908) and a series of portraits of fashionable Vienna matrons. In these works he treated the human figure without shadow, conveying the sensuality of skin by sur¬ rounding it with areas of flat, highly ornamental areas of decoration. His later murals are characterized by precisely linear drawing and flat, deco¬ rative patterns of colour and gold leaf. He greatly influenced Oskar Koko¬ schka and Egon Schiele. See also Jugendstil.