Once he gained control of his pitches he set several season records for strikeouts (including 382 in 1965), and his career average of one strike¬ out per inning is a rare accomplish¬ ment. In 1965 he pitched his fourth
no-hit game, until 1981 a major-league record; the fourth no-hitter was also a perfect game (no player reached first base). Despite his early retire¬ ment in 1966 because of arthritis, he is regarded as one of baseball’s greatest pitchers.
kouros \ , kii- l ros\ Archaic Greek statue representing a standing male youth. These large stone figures began to appear in Greece c. 700 bc and closely followed the Egyptian style of geometrical, rigid figures. Later forms reflect the Greeks’ increased understanding of human anatomy and are more naturalistic. Kouroi sometimes represented the god Apollo, but more commonly served as votive offerings or grave markers. See also kore.
Koussevitzky V.kii-so-'vit-skeV, Serge orig. Sergey Aleksan¬ drovich Kusevitsky (b. July 26, 1874, Vyshny Volochyok, Russia—d. June 4, 1951, Boston, Mass., U.S.) Russian-born U.S. conductor. A vir¬ tuoso double-bass player, he was self-taught as a conductor. With his
father-in-law’s financial help, he debuted with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1908. In the following years he founded his own orchestra, which toured the Volga by riverboat. After leaving the Soviet Union in 1920, he estab¬ lished the Concerts Koussevitzky series in Paris before becoming perma¬ nent conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (1924^-9). He gave about 100 premieres there, including commissioned works such as Igor Stravinsky’s Symphony of Psalms, and many works by U.S. composers, inspiring his musicians to legendary performances by the force of his per¬ sonality. The Tanglewood Music Center in Lenox, Mass., was established during his tenure in Boston.
Kovno See Kaunas
Kowloon Vkau-'lun\ or Jiulong \'jyo-'luq\ Peninsula on the Chinese mainland, part of the Hong Kong special administrative region. It lies just north of Hong Kong Island and is surrounded on three sides by Victoria Harbour; the New Territories adjoin it to the north. An industrial, com¬ mercial and tourist centre, it includes the urban area of Kowloon and New Kowloon (pop., 2001 prelim.: 2,025,800). Much of its territory consists of reclaimed land.
Koxinga See Zheng Chenggong
Koyukuk Vkoi-o-JcokV River River, central Alaska, U.S. It rises on the southern slope of the Brooks Range and flows southwest for 500 mi (800 km) to join the Yukon River, of which it is a major tributary. It was named for the Koyukon, a local Indian people.
Kpelle \k9-'pel-3\ People occupying central Liberia and part of Guinea. Numbering about one million, the Kpelle speak a Mande language of the Niger-Congo languages. They form about one-fifth of the population of Liberia. They are primarily rice farmers; cash crops include peanuts, sug¬ arcane, and kola nuts. They are known for their elaborate secret societies (Poro for men, Sande for women), which serve a variety of social and political functions.
kraal Vkrol, 'kral\ In southern Africa, an enclosure or group of houses surrounding an enclosure for livestock, or the social unit that inhabits these structures. The term has been more broadly used to describe the associated way of life. Among some Zulus, the traditional kraal consists of a number of huts arranged in a circle around a cattle corral. Where polygyny is practiced, each wife often has her own hut. The word kraal has also been applied to the temporary encampments of the Masai of east¬ ern Africa.
Kraepelin \,krep-3-'len\, Emil (b. Feb. 15, 1856, Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz—d. Oct. 7, 1926, Munich, Ger.) German psychia¬ trist. He taught at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich, where he developed an influential classification system for mental illness, the Psy¬ chiatric Compendium (nine eds., 1883-1926). He was the first to distin¬ guish (in 1899) between manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) and dementia praecox (schizophrenia), and the first to distinguish three clini¬ cal varieties of the latter: catatonia, hebephrenia, and paranoia.
Krafft-Ebing Vkraft-'a-bigV Richard, Freiherr (Baron) von (b.
Aug. 14, 1840, Mannheim, Baden—d. Dec. 22, 1902, near Graz, Austria) German neuropsychiatrist. Educated in Germany and Switzerland, he taught psychiatry in the Austrian cities of Strasbourg, Graz, and Vienna, and he pursued studies that ranged from epilepsy and syphilis to genetic functions in insanity and sexual deviation. He also performed experiments in hypnosis. He is best remembered today for his Psychopathia sexualis (1886), a groundbreaking examination of sexual aberrations.
Kraft Foods, Inc. U.S. manufacturer and marketer of food products. It grew out of a wholesale cheese delivery business established in Chi¬ cago in 1903 by James L. Kraft. Incorporated as J.L. Kraft Bros. & Co. in 1909, it prospered by selling processed cheese to the U.S. Army dur¬ ing World War I. Held by various owners since 1930, Kraft was acquired in 1988 by Philip Morris Cos. (renamed Altria Group, Inc., in 2003), which also purchased Nabisco Holdings in 2000. Nabisco’s business was inte¬ grated into Kraft’s operations.
kraft process Chemical method for producing wood pulp using caus¬ tic soda and sodium sulfide as the liquor in which the pulpwood is cooked to loosen the fibres. The process (from German kraft, “strong”) produces particularly strong and durable paper; another advantage is its capability of digesting pine chips; resins dissolve in the alkaline liquor and are recov¬ ered as tall oil, a valuable by-product. Recovery of sodium compounds is
Koufax, 1966
AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Krakatoa ► Kriemhild I 1053
important in the economy of the process. In modern kraft mills, opera¬ tions are completely contained; waste streams are recycled and reused, eliminating water pollution.
Krakatoa \,kra-k3-'to-9\ or Krakatau \,kra-k9-'tau\ Island volcano in the centre of the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Its eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history. Its explo¬ sions were heard in Australia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and the Philippines, and large quantities of ash fell over an area of some 300,000 sq mi (800,000 sq km). It caused a tidal wave 120 ft (36 m) high that killed 36,000 people in Java and Sumatra. It erupted again in 1927 and has remained active.
Krakow or Cracow \'kra- l kiif,\ English \ , kra-,kau\ City (pop., 2005 est.: 757,430), southern Poland. Located on both sides of the upper Vis¬ tula River, it was the capital of a principality in 1138. After surviving a Mongol invasion in 1241, it was made the capital of a reunited Poland in 1320. Its importance diminished after the capital was moved to Warsaw in 1611. During the Partitions of Poland it came under Austrian rule. Returned to Poland in 1918, it was held by Germany during World War
Rebuilt since the war, it is an industrial centre with a giant steelworks on the city’s outskirts. Krakow is also a cultural centre. Its university was founded in 1364.
Kramer, Jack orig. John Albert Kramer (b. Aug. 1, 1921, Las Vegas, Nev., U.S.) U.S. tennis player and promoter. He won the Wimble¬ don singles (1947) and men’s doubles (1946-47), the U.S. singles (1946- 47), men’s doubles (1940-41, 1943, 1947), and mixed doubles (1941) and was on the winning Davis Cup team in 1946. He played professional ten¬ nis from 1947 to 1952 and was instrumental in promoting open tennis, in which amateurs competed with professionals in major tournaments. He helped establish the Association of Tennis Professionals.
Kramnik, Vladimir (b. June 25, 1975, Tuapse, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Rus¬ sian international chess grandmaster. He won the world championship in 2000 from his countryman Garry Kasparov. Kramnik learned to play when he was four years old from his father and began taking instruction at the local Pioneers (a Soviet youth organization) at the age of five. At age 11 he became a “candidate” master. Kramnik had success during his early years, winning the World Under 18 Championship in 1991 and a gold medal for his performance at the 1992 Men’s Chess Olympiad. The years from 1992 to 2000 saw Kramnik move into the world’s elite by winning numerous international chess tournaments.