crossed by Francisco Vazquez de Coronado in 1541 near the site of Dodge City, Kan., and by Zebulon Pike in 1806.
Arkhangelsk \,3r-'kan-gilsk\ or Archangel City (pop., 2002: 355,500), northwestern Russia. Located near the mouth of Northern Dvina River, it has a large harbour kept open in winter by icebreakers. The area was settled by Norsemen in the 10th century ad. In 1553 it was visited by the English who were looking for the Northeast Passage. Founded in 1584 as a monastery of Michael the archangel, it became a trading station of the Muscovy Co. It was opened to European trade by Tsar Boris Godunov and flourished as the sole Russian seaport until St. Petersburg was built in 1703. Arkhangelsk was the scene of British, French, and U.S. support of the northern Russian government against the Bolsheviks in 1918-20. During World War II it received convoys of lend-lease goods from Britain and the U.S. (1941-45). It is a major timber-exporting port and has extensive shipbuilding facilities.
Arkona W. Slavic citadel-temple of the war-god Svantovit, built in the 9th-10th century ad and destroyed in 1168/69 by Christian Danes when they stormed the island of Riigen in the southwestern Baltic. According to Saxo Grammaticus, it was a log structure with red roof, surrounded by a yard and fence, carved and painted with symbols. The inner sanctum con¬ tained a statue of Svantovit with four heads and throats facing in opposite directions. Excavations in 1921 proved the temple’s actual existence.
arkose Yar-,kos, 'ar-,koz\ Coarse sandstone that has formed by the dis¬ integration of granite without appreciable decomposition. It thus consists primarily of quartz and feldspar grains. In the absence of stratification, arkose may bear superficial resemblance to granite, and it sometimes has been described as reconstituted granite, or granite wash. Like the granite from which it was formed, arkose is pink or gray.
Arkwright, Sir Richard (b. Dec. 23, 1732, Preston, Lancashire, Eng.—d. Aug. 3, 1792, Cromford, Derbyshire) British textile industrialist and inventor. His first spinning machine was patented in 1769 (see Lewis Paul). His water frame (so-called because it operated by waterpower) pro¬ duced a cotton yarn suitable for warp (see weaving), stronger than thread made on the spinning jenny, which proved suitable only for weft. He intro¬ duced all-cotton calico in 1773. He opened several factories equipped with machinery for carrying out the phases of textile manufacturing from card¬ ing through spinning (see drawing).
Arledge, Roone (b. July 8, 1931, Forest Hills, N.Y., U.S.—d. Dec. 5, 2002, New York City) U.S. television executive. He began work at ABC-TV in 1960 as a sports producer. He later became president of ABC Sports and group president of ABC News and Sports (1985-90). He cre¬ ated sports programs such as Wide World of Sports (from 1961) and Mon¬ day Night Football (from 1968) and produced television coverage of 10 Olympic games, making many technical and editorial innovations in sports coverage. As president of ABC News he developed several suc¬ cessful news shows such as Nightline (from 1980) and PrimeTime Live (from 1989).
Arlen, Harold orig. Hyman Arluck (b. Feb. 15, 1905, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—d. April 23, 1986, New York, N.Y.) U.S. songwriter. After working as a performer and arranger, in 1929 he began a collaboration with lyricist Ted Koehler (1894-1973) with the song “Get Happy”; until the mid-1930s they wrote many songs that were featured in shows at Har¬ lem’s Cotton Club. Arlen’ s scores for Broadway musicals include Bloomer Girl (1944) and St. Louis Woman (1946). For Hollywood films Arlen wrote the songs “It’s Only a Paper Moon,” “Let’s Fall in Love,” and “That Old Black Magic.” His most famous song is perhaps “Over the Rainbow” (lyrics by E.Y. Harburg) from The Wizard of Oz (1939).
Arles Varl, 'arlz\ City (pop., 1999: 50,453), southeastern France. Occu¬ pied and built up by the Romans in the 1st century bc, Arles became, through commerce, a leading city of the Roman Empire. In the 10th cen¬ tury ad it became the capital of Burgundy, known also as the kingdom of Arles. Portions of the Roman wall around the old town remain, and a Roman arena of the 1st century bc is still used for bullfights and plays. The city was home to Vincent van Gogh during one of his most produc¬ tive periods. Arles is still a river port, but its economy is based largely on tourism and agriculture.
Arlington Unincorporated settlement (pop., 2000: 189,453), northern Virginia, U.S. Lying across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., it is the capital of Arlington county, which was part of Washington, D.C., from 1801 to 1847, when it was returned to Virginia. It is the site of
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104 I arm ► Armenia
Arlington National Cemetery (located on the former estate of Robert E. Lee), Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, and numerous federal buildings, including the Pentagon.
arm Upper limb of a biped, particularly a primate. Primate arms have one long bone, the humerus, in the upper arm above the elbow, and two thinner bones, the radius and ulna, in the forearm. The triceps muscle straightens the forearm at the elbow joint; the brachialis and biceps muscles bend it. Forearm and small muscles in the hand move the hand and fingers. The term may also denote the limb or the locomotive or pre¬ hensile organ of an invertebrate (e.g., the ray of a starfish or the tentacle of an octopus).
Armada, Spanish Great fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. Philip was motivated by a desire to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England and by English piracies against Spanish trade and possessions. The Armada, commanded by the duke of Medina-Sidonia, consisted of about 130 ships. In the weeklong battle, the Spanish suffered defeat after the English launched fire ships into the Spanish fleet, breaking the ships’ for¬ mation and making them susceptible to the English ships’ heavy guns. Many Spanish ships were also lost during the long voyage home, and a total of perhaps 15,000 Spaniards died. The defeat of the Armada, in which Francis Drake played a principal role, saved England and the Neth¬ erlands from possible absorption into the Spanish empire.
armadillo Any of 20 species of armoured mammals (family Dasypo- didae) related to sloths and anteaters.
Armadillos are stout and short¬ legged, with strong, curved claws and a protective covering of pinkish to brown armour composed of bony plates covered with tough scales.
The plates are separated by flexible bands of tissue. One species lives in the U.S., the others in tropical and subtropical regions to the south, pri¬ marily in South America. Most inhabit open areas, but some can be found in forests. Species range in size from about 6 in. (16 cm) to 5 ft (1.5 m) long. They live alone, in pairs, or in small groups and feed on termites or other insects, vegetation, small animals, and carrion.
Armageddon \,ar-m9-'ged-3n\ In the New Testament, the place where the kings of the earth under demonic leadership will wage war on the forces of God at the end of history. Armageddon is mentioned only in the Revelation to John. The name may mean “Mountain of Megiddo,” a ref¬ erence to the city of Megiddo, which held strategic importance in Pales¬ tine. Other biblical references suggest Jerusalem as the battle site.
Armagh \'ar-,ma\ District (pop., 2001: 54,263), Northern Ireland. For¬ merly part of County Armagh, the district was established in 1973. It lies south of Lough Neagh. The northern part of the district is the island’s main fruit-growing region; the southern part, along the Irish border, was a hotbed of sectarian violence through the late 20th century. The district seat is Armagh town. According to tradition, St. Patrick established his principal Irish church here in the 5th century. The area was the leading intellectual centre of the Western world in the 5th-9th centuries. Taken by English Protestant forces in the 16th century, Armagh became a pros¬ perous centre for Protestant clergy and gentry, a circumstance reflected in its many Georgian monuments and buildings.