Lie \'le\, Trygve (b. July 16, 1896, Kristiania, Nor.—d. Dec. 30, 1968, Geilo) First secretary-general of the United Nations (1946-52). Educated in law at the University of Kristiania (Oslo), Lie was active in the Nor¬ wegian Labour Party before being appointed foreign minister of Norway’s government-in-exile during World War II. As a member of the Norwegian delegation to the UN Conference on International Organization (1945), he helped draft the provisions for the United Nations Security Council. As secretary-general, he helped to secure the removal of Soviet troops from Iran; he also dealt with the first Arab-Israeli war and the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir. The Soviet Union ceased to cooperate with him after he supported UN intervention in the Korean War, and his effectiveness was further hampered by charges from anticommunist politicians in the U.S. that his secretariat had employed subversives. He resigned in 1952.
lie detector or polygraph Instrument for recording physiological phenomena (including blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration) of a human subject as he or she answers questions asked by an operator. These data (recorded as graphs) are used as the basis for judging whether the sub¬ ject is lying. The phenomena usually chosen for recording are those not easily controlled voluntarily. The types of questions asked, their wording, and the mode of presentation have a tremendous effect on the results and their reliability. Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie detector is still controversial among psychologists and not always accepted as evidence in courts.
Liebermann Vle-bor-.manN, Max (b. July 20, 1847, Berlin, Prussia—d. Feb. 8, 1935, Berlin, Ger.) German painter and etcher. The realism and simplicity of his first exhibited painting, Women Plucking Geese (1872), were in striking contrast to the Romantic, idealized art then in vogue. In the summer of 1873 he lived in Barbizon, where he became acquainted with the Barbizon school of painters; as a result of their influ¬ ence, he brightened his palette and helped initiate the German school of Impressionism. In the 1880s he found his subjects in the orphanages and asylums for the old in Amsterdam and among the peasants and urban
Spanish licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).
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labourers of Germany and The Netherlands. As a supporter of such aca¬ demically unpopular styles as Impressionism and Art Nouveau, he founded the Berlin Sezession (1899) but later became president of the conservative Berlin Academy.
Liebig \'le-bik\, Justus, Freiherr (baron) von (b. May 12, 1803, Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt—d. April 18, 1873, Munich, Bavaria) Ger¬ man chemist. He made many important contributions to the early system¬ atization of organic chemistry and to biochemistry, chemical education, and agricultural chemistry. He was the first to demonstrate the existence of free radicals and did much to clarify the properties of acids. He devel¬ oped simple analytical methods (see analysis) that greatly aided his work, analyzed many tissues and body fluids, and showed that plants use car¬ bon dioxide, water, and ammonia. In later years his reputation became so great that he was regarded as the final authority in chemical matters, and he was often involved in scientific controversies.
Liebknecht \'lep-,knekt\ / Karl (b. Jan. 15, 1919, Berlin) German socialist leader. Son of Wilhelm Lieb¬ knecht, he became a lawyer and a Marxist. In 1912 he entered the Reichstag and led the opposition to Germany’s pre-World War I policy. In 1916 he was expelled from the Social Democratic Party for opposing its leadership and came into close alliance with Rosa Luxemburg, with whom he founded the Spartacists. He was imprisoned (1916-18) for advo¬ cating the overthrow of the govern¬ ment. In 1918 he played a leading role in forming the German Commu¬ nist Party. A series of bloody clashes culminated in the January 1919 put¬ sch in which Liebknecht resorted to force; he was shot on the pretext that he was attempting to escape arrest.
Aug. 13, 1871, Leipzig, Ger.—d.
Karl Liebknecht, 1913
INTERFOTO-FRIEDRICH RAUCH, MUNICH
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (b. March 29, 1826, Giessen, Hesse—d. Aug. 7, 1900, Berlin, Ger.) German social¬ ist, cofounder of the German Social Democratic Party. Imprisoned for participating in the Revolutions of 1 848, he lived in exile in England (1849-62), working closely with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Prus¬ sia granted him amnesty in 1862, but Otto von Bismarck had him expelled again in 1865. In Leipzig he and August Bebel organized the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1869. He was imprisoned (1872-74) for his writings against the Franco- Prussian War. Bismarck’s repression of the socialists brought about a merger with the followers of Ferdi¬ nand Lassalle in 1875. With the expi¬ ration of the Anti-Socialist Law (1878-90), this party became known as the German Social Democratic Pa ing spokesman, primarily as a writer
Wilhelm Liebknecht, c. 1890
ARCHIV FUR KUNST UND GESCHICHTE, BERUN
Liebknecht continued as a lead- r the party’s newspaper, Vorwarts.
Liechtenstein Vlik-ton-.shtlM officially Principality of Liechten¬ stein Principality, western Europe. It is located between Switzerland and Austria. Area: 62 sq mi (160 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 34,800. Capitaclass="underline" Vaduz. The Liechtensteiners are descended from the Alemanni tribe that came into the region after ad 500. Languages: German (official), Alemanni dialect, Walser dialect. Religions: Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant); also Islam. Currency: Swiss franc. The eastern two-thirds of Liechtenstein’s small territory is composed of the foothills of the Rhatikon Massif, part of the central Alps. The western sec¬ tion of the country is occupied by the Rhine River floodplain. Liechtenstein has no natural resources of commercial value, and virtually all raw mate¬ rials, including wood, have to be imported. Manufacturing includes met-
cal situation and its absolute bank secrecy. It is a constitutional monarchy with one legislative house; its chief of state is the prince, and the head of government is the prime minister. The Rhine plain was occupied for centuries by two independent lordships of the Holy Roman Empire, Vaduz and Schellenberg. The principality of Liechtenstein, consisting of these two lordships, was founded in 1719 and remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was included in the German Confederation (1815-66). In 1866 it became independent, recognizing Vaduz and Schel¬ lenberg as unique regions forming separate electoral districts. In 1921 it adopted Swiss currency, and in 1923 it joined the Swiss customs union. A coalition that ruled Liechtenstein for almost 60 years dissolved in 1997. Into the early 21st century Prince Hans Adam II continued his long¬ standing battle for constitutional changes that would increase his powers.
lied Vlet\ German song, particularly an art song for voice and piano of the late 18th or the 19th century. The Romantic movement fostered seri¬ ous popular poetry by poets such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Com¬ posers often set such poetry to folk-influenced music, but the lied could also be highly sophisticated and even experimental. At first generally per¬ formed at private social gatherings, it eventually moved into the concert- hall repertoire. The most influential and prolific lied composer was Franz Schubert, who wrote more than 600; Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss are most prominent in the bed’s subsequent history.