lipoprotein Ul-po-'pro-.tenV Any of a class of organic compounds that contain both lipid (fat) and protein. They may be soluble (those in egg yolk and blood plasma) or insoluble (those in cell membranes) in water and water solutions. Lipoproteins in blood plasma are the mode of transport for cholesterol, insoluble by itself. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) carry
Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait by Alexander Roslin, 1775; in the Svenska Portrattarkivet, Stockholm.
COURTESY OF THE SVENSKA PORTRATTARKIVET, STOCKHOLM
Male lion (Panthera leo).
R.I.M. CAMPBELL/BRUCE COLEMAN LTD.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Lippe ► liquidity preference I 1121
cholesterol from the liver, where it is made, to the cells, where it is used; high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) may carry excess cholesterol back to the liver for breakdown and excretion. LDL-bound cholesterol is prima¬ rily responsible for deposits in arteries (see arteriosclerosis) that can lead to CORONARY HEART DISEASE, ANGINA PECTORIS, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, Or STROKE. HDL does not form such deposits and may actually retard or reduce their buildup.
Lippe \'li-pa\ Former German state. It lay between the Teutoburg Forest and the Weser River, and its capital was Detmold. A lordship in medieval times, it became a county in the 16th century. Dynastic divisions in the early 17th century resulted in two counties, Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe. In 1720 it was made a principality. A member of the German Confedera¬ tion in 1815, it became part of the German Empire in 1871 and of the Weimar Republic in 1918. In 1947 it was incorporated into North Rhine- Westphalia.
Lippe River River, western Germany. Rising on the western edge of the Teutoburg Forest, it follows a westerly course of 155 mi (250 km) and enters the Rhine River near Wesel. Once used for the transport of coal, tim¬ ber, and agricultural produce, it now supplies water to the Ruhr region canal system.
Lippi, Filippino (b. c. 1457, Prato, Republic of Florence—d. April 18, 1504, Florence) Italian painter. After the death of his father, Fra Filippo Lippi, when Filippino was 12, he entered the workshop of Sandro Botticelli and absorbed many aspects of his style. One of his most important assign¬ ments was the completion of the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Flo¬ rence’s Santa Maria del Carmine (c. 1485-87), left unfinished when Masaccio died. His most popular painting is the Vision of St. Bernard altarpiece (c. 1480). His highly decorative frescoes in the Carafa Chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome (1488-93), and those in the Strozzi Chapel in Santa Maria Novella, Florence (completed 1502), anticipated Tuscan Mannerism of the 16th century.
Lippi, Fra Filippo (b. c. 1406, Florence—d. Oct. 8/10, 1469, Spoleto, Papal States) Italian painter. In 1421 he became a Carmelite monk at Santa Maria del Carmine in Flo¬ rence, where Masaccio was soon decorating the Brancacci Chapel with frescoes. Lippi himself painted frescoes in the church, much influ¬ enced by Masaccio’s, then disap¬ peared from the monastery in 1432.
In 1434 he was in Padua, but in 1437 he returned to Florence under the protection of the Medici family and was commissioned to execute sev¬ eral works for convents and churches. His Madonna and Child (1437) and Annunciation (c. 1442) show a maturing style characterized by warm colouring and attention to decorative effects. Later critics have recognized in Lippi a “narrative” spirit that reflected the life of his time and translated into everyday terms the ideals of the early Renais¬ sance. In 1456, while painting in a convent in Prato, he fled with one of the nuns, Lucrezia Buti. The couple was later released from their indi¬ vidual vows and permitted to marry, and from that union was born the illustrious Filippino Lippi. The former friar returned often to Prato, and his frescoes in the cathedral there stand among his finest achievements.
Lippmann, Walter (b. Sept. 23, 1889, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Dec. 14, 1974, New York) U.S. newspaper commentator and author. Educated at Harvard, he became an editor at the fledgling New Republic (1914-17). His thinking influenced Woodrow Wilson, and he took part in the nego¬ tiations that culminated in the Treaty of Versailles. After writing for and editing the reformist World, he moved to the New York Herald-Tribune, where he began his “Today and Tomorrow” column in 1931; eventually widely syndicated, it won two Pulitzer Prizes (1958, 1962), and Lippmann became one of the most respected political columnists in the world. His
books include A Preface to Politics (1913); Public Opinion (1922), per¬ haps his most influential work; The Phantom Public (1925); and The Good Society (1937).
Lipset, Seymour Martin (b. March 18, 1922, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. sociologist and political scientist. He received his bachelor’s degree from the City College of New York and his Ph.D. from Columbia Uni¬ versity, where he later taught (1950-56). While teaching at the Univer¬ sity of California, Berkeley (1956-66), he also served as director of its Institute of International Studies (1962-66). Since then he has taught at Harvard University, Stanford University, and George Mason University. His many books about class structure, elite behaviour, and political par¬ ties have significantly shaped the study of comparative politics.
Lipton, Sir Thomas J(ohnstone) (b. May 10, 1850, Glasgow, Scot.—d. Oct. 2, 1931, London, Eng.) British merchant who built the Lipton tea empire. He opened a small grocery in Glasgow that grew into a chain of retail shops throughout Britain. To supply his shops cheaply, Lipton bought tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations in Ceylon as well as English fruit farms, jam factories, and bakeries. In 1898 his business was organized into Lipton, Ltd.; he was knighted the same year and made a baronet in 1902. A keen yachtsman, he raced his Shamrock yachts five times unsuccessfully for the America's Cup.
liquation Mi-'kwa-shonV Technique for separating constituents of an ore, metal, or alloy by partial melting. When the material is heated to a tem¬ perature where one of the constituents melts and the other remains solid, the liquid constituent can be drained off. It was formerly used for extract¬ ing antimony minerals from ore, separating silver from copper with the use of lead as a solvent, and refining tin.
liqueur \li-'kor\ Liquor produced by combining a base spirit, usually brandy, with flavourings and sugar syrup. Alcohol content ranges from 24% to 60% by volume, and flavourings include fruits, nuts, herbs, spices, and such ingredients as coffee and chocolate. Liqueurs were probably first produced commercially by medieval monks and alchemists. Sweet and containing ingredients that promote digestion, they are popular as after- dinner drinks and are also used in mixed drinks and dessert dishes. Vari¬ eties include apricot liqueur, creme de menthe (mint-flavoured), Curasao (with green orange peel, from Curasao), and proprietary brands such as Benedictine (an herb liqueur), Grand Marnier (an orange liqueur from France’s Cognac region), Irish Mist (flavoured with Irish whiskey and honey), and Kahlua (coffee-flavoured).
liquid One of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between a gas and a solid. A liquid has neither the orderliness of a solid nor the randomness of a gas. Liquids have the ability to flow under the action of very small shear STRESSes. Liquids in contact with their own vapour or air have a surface tension that causes the interface to assume the configura¬ tion of minimum area (i.e., spherical). Surfaces between liquids and sol¬ ids have interfacial tensions that determine whether the liquid will wet the other material. With the exception of liquid metals, molten salts, and solutions of salts, the electrical conductivities of liquids are small.
liquid crystal Substance that flows like a liquid but maintains some of the ordered structure characteristic of a crystal. Some organic substances do not melt directly when heated but instead turn from a crystalline solid to a liquid crystalline state. When heated further, a true liquid is formed. Liquid crystals have unique properties. The structures are easily affected by changes in mechanical stress, electromagnetic fields, temperature, and chemical environment. See also liquid crystal display.