GLYCOGEN-STORAGE DISEASES.
Liverpool City (pop., 2001:439,476), northwestern England, on the estu¬ ary of the River Mersey. It forms the nucleus of the metropolitan county of Merseyside in the historic county of Lancashire. King John granted its char¬ ter in 1207. Its growth was slow until the 18th century, when it expanded rapidly as a result of trade with the Americas and the West Indies, becoming Britain’s most important port after London. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (opened 1830) was the first in England to link two major cities. Heavily damaged in World War II, it declined in importance as a port and an industrial centre in the postwar era. The birthplace of the Beatles, it is also the seat of the University of Liverpool (1903).
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd earl of (b. June 7, 1770, London, Eng.—d. Dec. 4, 1828, Fife House, Whitehall, London) British prime minister (1812-27). He entered the House of Commons in 1790 and became a leading Tory, serving as foreign secretary (1801-04), home secretary (1804-06, 1807-09), and secretary for war and the colo¬ nies (1809-12). The War of 1812 with the U.S. and the final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars were fought during his premiership. He urged abolition of the slave trade at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15). Although sometimes overshadowed by his colleagues and by the duke of Welling¬ ton’s military prowess, he conducted a sound administration.
liverwort Any of more than 8,000 species of small, nonvascular, spore- producing land plants that make up the class Hepatopsida (or Hepaticae) of bryophytes, found worldwide but mostly in the tropics. Thallose liver¬ worts commonly grow on moist soil or damp rocks; leafy liverworts are found in similar habitats and on tree trunks in damp woods. Sexual (game- tophyte) and asexual (sporophyte) generations alternate in the life cycle (see alternation of generations). The thallus of thallose liverworts, resembling a lobed liver, gives liverworts their name. Though not economically important to humans, liverworts provide food for animals, facilitate the decay of logs, and aid in the disintegration of rocks by their ability to retain moisture.
livestock Farm animals, with the exception of poultry. In Western coun¬ tries the category encompasses primarily cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, donkeys, and mules; other animals (e.g., buffalo, oxen, or camels) may pre¬ dominate in other areas. See also ass, cow, dairy farming.
Living Theatre, The Theatrical avant-garde repertory company. It was formed in New York City in 1947 by Julian Beck (1925-85) and Judith Malina (b. 1926) to produce experimental plays, often on radical themes. Its first big success was Jack Gelber’s The Connection (1959), a drama of drug addiction. After problems with U.S. tax authorities, the company was relocated to Europe (1964-68). It returned to New York City to present the confrontational Paradise Now (1968), a production intended to spark revolution. In the 1970s the group presented a cycle of plays in public spaces and nontraditional venues (Pittsburgh steel mills, Brazilian prisons, the streets of Palermo, Italy) under the collective title The Legacy of Cain. Thereafter the company performed again in theatres, continuing to examine new dramatic techniques. After 1999 The Living Theatre divided its time between headquarters in Italy and New York City.
living will Document specifying medical measures to be taken or withheld in the event the writer is disabled. Advances in medical tech¬ nology now allow the body to be kept alive in circumstances that would normally result in death (e.g., inability to eat, breathe, or maintain the heartbeat), but many people do not want to be kept alive if there is no chance of recovery. Because it is impossible to express one’s wishes when in a vegetative state, a living will allows them to be stated in advance. Such a document usually specifies conditions under which a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is to take effect and authorizes another person to make decisions on the patient’s behalf.
Livingston, Robert R. (b. Nov.
27, 1746, New York, N.Y.—d. Feb.
26, 1813, Clermont, N.Y.) U.S. law-
Robert R. Livingston, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1782; in Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia
COURTESY OF THE INDEPENDENCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK COLLECTION, PHILADELPHIA
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yer and diplomat. He served in the Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence. As New York state’s first chancellor (1777-1801), he administered the oath of office to Pres. George Wash¬ ington (1789). From 1781 to 1783 he was U.S. secretary of foreign affairs. As minister to France from 1801 to 1804, he helped effect the Louisiana Purchase. In partnership with Robert Fulton, he later received a steamboat monopoly for New York waters; the first vessel to operate on the Hudson River (1807) was named the Clermont, after his ancestral home.
Livingston, William (b. Nov. 30, 1723, Albany, N.Y.—d. July 25, 1790, Elizabeth, N.J.) American politician. He served in the New York legislature (1759-60), wrote political pamphlets and newspaper articles, and helped prepare a digest of New York laws for the period 1691 to 1756. He moved to New Jersey in 1772 and represented the colony in the Con¬ tinental Congress (1774-76). As New Jersey’s first governor (1776-90), he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and led his state to an early ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Livingstone, David (b. March 19, 1813, Lanarkshire, Scot.—d. May 1, 1873, Chitambo, Barotseland)
Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa. Of working-class origins,
Livingstone studied theology and medicine in Glasgow before being ordained (1840) and deciding to work in Africa to open up the inte¬ rior for colonization, extend the Gos¬ pel, and abolish the slave trade. By 1842 he had already penetrated far¬ ther north of the Cape Colony fron¬ tier than any other white man. He was the first European to reach Lake Ngami (1849) and the first to reach Luanda from the interior (1854). He encountered and named Victoria Falls (1855), journeyed across the conti¬ nent to eastern Mozambique (1856,
1862), explored the Lake Malawi region (1861-63), came across Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu (1867), and penetrated to points farther east of Lake Tanganyika than any previ¬ ous expedition had managed (1871). His attempt to find the source of the Nile (1867-71) failed. When he was found by Henry Morton Stanley in 1871, his health was failing; he refused to leave, and in 1873 he was found dead by African aides. Livingstone produced a complex body of knowledge—geographic, technical, medical, and social—that took decades to mine. In his lifetime he stirred the imagination of English- speaking peoples everywhere and was celebrated as one of the great fig¬ ures of British civilization.
Livonia Region, eastern coast of Baltic Sea, north of Lithuania. Origi¬ nally inhabited by the Livs, a Finno-Ugric people, it eventually expanded to include nearly all of modem Latvia and Estonia. In the 13th century it was conquered and Christianized by the Order of the Brothers of the Sword and organized into the Livonian confederation. A Russian invasion set off the Livonian War (1558-82), in which Russia, Poland, and Swe¬ den seized portions of it. Sweden eventually gained control of most of it but ceded the region to Russia in 1721. In 1918 the northern portion became part of independent Estonia and the southern portion joined inde¬ pendent Latvia.