Lodi \'lo-de\, Peace of (1454) Treaty between Venice and Milan end¬ ing the war of succession to the Milanese duchy in favor of Francesco Sforza. It recognized Sforza as ruler of Milan and restored Venice’s ter¬ ritories in northern Italy, including Brescia and Bergamo. It also provided for a 25-year mutual defensive pact to maintain existing boundaries and established an Italian League. The treaty created a balance of power among Venice, Milan, Naples, Florence, and the Papal States, and it began a 40-year period of relative peace.
Lodz Vwiich,\ English \'lodz\ City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 793,217), cen¬ tral Poland. Located southwest of Warsaw, it was a village in the 14th century and gained municipal rights in 1798. The Russian-ruled Congress Kingdom of Poland established it as a centre of the textile industry in 1820, and by the late 19th century it was Poland’s leader in the produc¬ tion of cotton textiles. It was occupied by the Germans during World Wars I and II. It is now a cultural centre and Poland’s second largest city.
loess Vies, 'lo-3s\ Unstratified, geologically recent deposit of silty or loamy material that is usually buff or yellowish brown and is deposited chiefly by the wind. Loess is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-sized grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usu¬ ally homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capil¬ laries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.
Loesser Vle-sorX, Frank (Henry) (b. June 29, 1910, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. July 28, 1969, New York City) U.S. composer, librettist, and lyricist. The son of a piano teacher, in 1936 he moved to Hollywood, where he worked with Burton Lane, Jule Styne, Jimmy McHugh, and Hoagy Carmichael. His wartime songs include “Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition” and “What Do You Do in the Infantry?”; postwar hits include “On a Slow Boat to China” and “Baby It’s Cold Outside” (Acad¬ emy Award, 1949). His first Broadway musical was Where’s Charley? (1948; film, 1952). In 1950 he produced Guys and Dolls (film, 1955), one of the greatest American musicals. It was followed by The Most Happy Fella (1956) and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1962, Pulitzer Prize). His work for film includes the score for Hans Christian Andersen (1952).
Loewe Vlo\, Frederick (b. June 10, 1901, Berlin, Ger.—d. Feb. 14, 1988, Palm Springs, Calif., U.S.) German-born U.S. songwriter. Son of a Viennese tenor, Loewe was a piano prodigy; at age 13 he became the youngest soloist ever to appear with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He studied with Ferruccio Busoni and Eugene d’Albert. His song “Kat¬ rina,” written at age 15, sold more than a million copies. Arriving in the U.S. in 1924, he contributed music to Broadway revues. In 1942 he met Alan Jay Lerner; their 18-year collaboration would produce five classic musicals. Personal differences ended their partnership after Camelot (1960), but they reunited to adapt their film Gigi (1958) for the stage (1973) and to write songs for the film The Little Prince (1974).
Loewy \'lo-e\, Raymond (Fernand) (b. Nov. 5, 1893, Paris, Fr.—d. July 14, 1986, Monaco) French-bom U.S. industrial designer. After obtaining an advanced degree in electrical engineering, he immigrated in 1919 to New York City, where he worked as a fashion illustrator and designer of department store window displays. He opened his own design firm in 1929, and in the 1930s and ’40s he designed a variety of house¬ hold products with rounded corners and simplified, “streamlined” out¬ lines. A refrigerator he designed for Sears, Roebuck & Co. (1934) won first prize at the 1937 Paris International Exposition. In later years his highly functional designs for everything from locomotives to soda dispensers helped shape U.S. industrial design.
Loffler Vlcef-lorV Friedrich (August Johannes) (b. June 24, 1852, Frankfurt an der Oder, Prussia—d. April 9, 1915, Berlin, Ger.) German
bacteriologist. In 1884, with Edwin Klebs (1834-1913), he discovered the organism that causes diphtheria. Simultaneously with Emile Roux (1853— 1933) and Alexandre Yersin (1863-1943), he indicated the existence of a diphtheria toxin. His demonstration that some animals are immune to diphtheria was basic to Emil von Behring’s work in developing antitox¬ ins. Loffler also discovered the cause of some swine diseases and iden¬ tified, with Wilhelm Schtitz, the organism that causes the horse disease glanders. With Paul Frosch he found that foot-and-mouth disease is caused by a virus (the first time a virus was found to be the agent of an animal disease) and developed a serum against it.
loft Upper space within a building, often open on one side, used for stor¬ age or other purposes (e.g., sleeping loft, hayloft). The term also refers to one of the upper floors in a factory or warehouse, typically undivided by partitions and now often converted to other uses, such as residences or artists’ studios. In churches the rood loft is a display gallery above the rood screen (see cathedral), and a choir or organ loft is a gallery reserved for church singers and musicians. In theaters, the loft is the area above and behind the proscenium.
Lofting, Hugh (John) (b. Jan. 14, 1886, Maidenhead, Berkshire, Eng.—d. Sept. 26, 1947, Santa Monica, Calif., U.S.) British-bom U.S. author and illustrator. He lived principally in the U.S. from 1912. He is known for his classic children’s books about Doctor Dolittle, a chubby, gentle, eccentric physician to animals who learns their language the bet¬ ter to treat them. He originally created the character to entertain his chil¬ dren in letters he sent from the front during World War I. The Story of Dr. Dolittle (1920) won instant success; it was followed by The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle (1922, Newbery Medal), Dr. Dolittle in the Moon (1928), and Dr. Dolittle’s Return (1933), among many other volumes.
log cabin Small, one-room house built of logs notched at the ends and laid one upon another with the spaces filled with plaster, moss, mor¬ tar, mud, or dried manure. In North America they were built by early set¬ tlers, hunters, loggers, and other wil¬ derness dwellers. They have also been built in Europe, particularly Scandinavia. Though designs vary, a common style features a sloping, single-gabled timbered roof and small windows. Modern summer cottages may be built of logs (or given log-cabin siding) to achieve a rustic effect.
Logan, James orig. Tah-gah- jute (b. c. 1725, probably at Shamokin, Pa.—d. 1780, near Lake Erie) American Indian leader. He was the son of the Oneida chief Shikellamy, who was a friend of the secretary of the Pennsylvania colony, James Logan (1674-1751). He moved to the Ohio River valley, where he became friendly with Indians and white settlers. After his family was massacred by a frontier trader in 1774, he led Indian raids on white settlements in Lord Dunmore's War. He refused to participate in peace negotiations, sending his grievances in a message known as “Logan’s Lament.” He was allied with the British in the American Revolution.
Logan, Mount Peak, St. Elias Mountains, southwestern Yukon Terri¬ tory, Canada, near the Alaskan boundary. Reaching 19,524 ft (5,951 m), it is the highest mountain in Canada and is second in North America only to Mount McKinley. It is located in Kluane National Park, which occupies 8,500 sq mi (22,000 sq km). The summit was first reached in 1925. The peak was named for William Logan, founder of the Geological Survey of Canada.
loganberry Bramble plant ( Rubus loganobaccus ) of the rose family. It originated in Santa Cruz, Calif., in 1881, apparently as a natural hybrid between the wild blackberry of the Pacific coast and the red raspberry. It is grown in large quantities in Oregon and Washington and is cultivated in Britain and Tasmania. The loganberry is a vigorous, nearly trailing, blackberry-like plant with compound leaves and prickly canes. Its wine- red, tart berries are canned, frozen, used in preserves or pies, or made into wine.