Lugdunensis \,l3g-d9-'nen-sis\ Roman province, one of the three administrative divisions of Gaul. It extended northwest from its capital at Lugdunum (modern Lyon) and included the land between the Seine and
Lake Lugano, near Lugano, Switz.
R.G. EVERTS-RAPHO/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
Loire rivers up to Brittany and the Atlantic coast. It was conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars and became a Roman province in 27 bc under Augustus.
lugeing Vlti-zhiqX Sled racing using a small sled that is ridden in a supine position. The sled, called a luge, is steered with the feet and subtle shoul¬ der movements. Dating back to the 15th century, lugeing is a traditional winter sport in Austria and is also practiced in other countries. The course used is similar to that employed in bobsledding, and speeds above 90 mph (145 km/hr) are not uncommon. Lugeing became a Winter Olympics sport in 1964.
Lugones Mli-'go-nasV Leopoldo (b. June 13, 1874, Villa Maria del Rio Seco, Arg.—d. Feb. 19, 1938, Buenos Aires) Argentine poet, critic, and cultural ambassador. He initially worked as a journalist but thought of himself primarily as a poet. His early verse, collected in volumes such as Mountains of Gold (1897), reveals his affinity with Modernismo. Later he embraced political conservatism, and his poetry and prose treated national themes in a realistic style. He was director of the National Coun¬ cil of Education from 1914 to 1938 and also produced histories of Argen¬ tina and studies and translations of classical Greek literature. He strongly influenced such younger writers as Jorge Luis Borges.
Lugosi \b-'go-se\, Bela orig. Blasko Bela Ferenc Dezso (b. Oct. 20, 1882, Lugos, Hung.—d. Aug. 16,
1956, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.)
Hungarian-bom U.S. film actor. He acted with the National Theatre in Budapest (1913-19) and appeared in German films before leaving for the U.S. in 1921. He directed and starred in the play Dracula in New York in 1927; he reprised the role, which was ideally suited for his aristocratic manner and heavy accent, in the movie Dracula (1931). His other horror movies include The Black Cat (1934), Mark of the Vampire (1935),
Son of Frankenstein (1939), Fran¬ kenstein Meets the Wolfman (1943), and The Body Snatcher (1945).
Lugosi declined into poverty and obscurity and eventually took roles in low-budget independent films. He was buried wearing the long, black cape that he had worn in Dracula.
Lugus \'lu-g3s\ or Lug Major god of the Celtic religion. In Irish tradi¬ tion, Lug Lamfota (“Lug of the Long Arm”) was the sole survivor of trip¬ let brothers. In Wales, as Lieu Llaw Gyffes (“Lieu of the Dexterous Hand”), he was said to be the son of the virgin goddess Aranrhod. His mother sought to destroy him, but his uncle Gwydion raised him and kept him safe. When his mother denied him a wife, Gwydion created a woman
Lugosi as Count Dracula
CULVER PICTURES
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1148 I Luhya ► Lumumba
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for him from flowers. His name is an element in such European and Brit¬ ish place-names as Lyon, Leiden, and Carlisle.
Luhya or Luyia \'lii-yo\ Cluster of several closely related Bantu¬ speaking peoples of western Kenya. They emerged as a coherent group about 1945, when it was politically advantageous to possess a larger eth¬ nic identity. Today, numbering some 3.8 million, the Luhya are the second-largest ethnic group in Kenya. They grow corn, cotton, and sug¬ arcane as cash crops and millet, sorghum, and vegetables as staples, and they also keep livestock. Many have moved to urban areas seeking work.
Luichow Peninsula See Leizhou Peninsula
Luini \lu-'e-ne\, Bernardino (b. c. 1480/85—d. 1532, Milan) Italian painter active in Milan. Little is known of his life. His earliest surviving works are a polyptych in a church near Como (c. 1510) and a fresco, Madonna and Child (1512), at the Cistercian monastery of Chiravalle, near Milan. Working in the Renaissance style, he was a prominent fol¬ lower of Leonardo da Vinci in Lombardy; many of Luini’s frescoes and altarpieces are in Lombardy churches. He also painted mythological sub¬ jects, most notably a Europa and a Cephalus and Procris (c. 1520), origi¬ nally for a Milanese palace.
Lukacs \ , lii-,kach\ / Gyorgy (b. April 13, 1885, Budapest, Hung.—d. June 4, 1971, Budapest) Hungarian philosopher and critic. Bom into a wealthy Jewish family, he joined the Hungarian Communist Party in 1918. In History and Class Consciousness (1923), he developed a Marxist phi¬ losophy of history and laid the basis for his literary criticism by linking the development of form in art with the history of the class struggle. A major figure during the 1956 Hungarian uprising, he was deported but was allowed to return in 1957. His works include the essay collection Soul and Form (1911) and The Historical Novel (1955). His earlier work, especially Theory of the Novel (1920) and History and Class Conscious¬ ness (1923), is now considered superior to his later Stalinist-influenced criticism, which celebrated the official Soviet policy of Socialist Realism.
Luke, Saint (fl. 1st century ad; feast day October 18) In Christian tra¬ dition, the author of the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. He wrote in Greek and is considered the most literary of the New Testament writers. By his own account, he was not an eyewitness to the ministry of Jesus. He was a companion to St. Paul, who called him the “beloved phy¬ sician,” and he is believed to have accompanied Paul on missionary jour¬ neys to Macedonia and Rome. Though little is known of his life, tradition holds that he was a Gentile and a native of Antioch in Syria and that he died a martyr.
Lula See Luiz Silva
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inacio known as Lula (b. Oct. 6, 1945, Gara- nhuns, Pernambuco state, Braz.) Leader of Brazil’s leftist Workers’ Party. A former factory worker, Lula helped build a labour union movement into an important political party. In 1988 his party swept the municipal elec¬ tions of Sao Paulo and other major cities. A leading contender for presi¬ dent in 1989, 1995, and 1998, proposing policies to help Brazil’s working class, he lost each time to more conservative candidates. In 2002, how¬ ever, he was successful in his bid for the presidency. See also Fernando Collor de Mello.
Lully \lu-'le\, Jean-Baptiste orig. Giovanni Battista Lulli (b.
Nov. 28, 1632, Florence—d. March 22, 1687, Paris, France) Italian-born French composer. He was made a ward of the court after his mother died and was sent to a noble French household at age 13 as valet. There he learned guitar, organ, violin, and dancing and came to know the composer Michel Lambert (1610-96), who introduced him to society and later became his father-in-law. Lully became a dancer and musician for the king and at age 30 was put in charge of all royal music. In the 1660s he com¬ posed the incidental music for Moliere’s plays as well as those of France’s great tragedians. In the early 1670s he obtained the sole patent to present opera and produced the series of “lyric tragedies”—most with librettos by Philippe Quinault (1635-88)—for which he is known, including Alceste (1674), Atys (1676), and Armide (1686). The orchestra he developed was an important forerunner of the modern orchestra. A self-inflicted injury to his toe with his heavy conducting stick led to his death. His style of composition was imitated throughout Europe.
Lully, Raymond See Ramon Llull
lumber Collective term for harvested wood, whether cut into logs, heavy timbers, or members used in light-frame construction. Lumber is classi¬