lutite Vlii-.thA Any fine-grained sedimentary rock consisting of clay- or silt-sized particles (less than 0.0025 in., or 0.06 mm, in diameter) that are derived principally from nonmarine (continental) rocks. Laminated lutites and lutites that split easily into thin layers are usually called shales. Other lutites may be called claystones, siltstones, or mudstones.
Lutostawski Uu-to-'slav-skeV Witold (b. Jan. 25, 1913, Warsaw, Pol.—d. Feb. 7, 1994, Warsaw) Polish composer. Trained in Warsaw, he initially became known as a pianist. His international reputation was secured by the premiere of his Concerto for Orchestra (1954), full of colour and based on folk elements, and later the Funeral Music for string orchestra (1958). From the late 1950s he incorporated limited aleatory (elements of chance; see aleatory music) effects in his works. His four bril¬ liantly orchestrated symphonies, particularly the Second (1967) and Third (1983), are widely admired, as are his Livre pour orchestra (1968) and his String Quartet (1964).
Lutuli Ma-'tu-leV Albert (John Mvumbi) (b. 1898, Rhodesia—d. July 21, 1967, Stanger, S.Af.) Zulu chief and president of the African National Congress (1952-60). Trained at a mission school, Lutuli taught and served a small community as chief before being elected ANC presi¬ dent. He was frequently imprisoned for his anti-apartheid activities. He set forth his views in Let My People Go (1962). In 1960 he became the first African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.
Lutyens Vb-chonzV Sir Edwin L(andseer) (b. March 29, 1869, London, Eng.—d. Jan. 1, 1944, London) British architect. His design for a house at Munstead Wood, Godaiming, Surrey (1896), created for Ger¬ trude Jekyll, established his reputation. In the series of country houses he subsequently designed, many in collaboration with Jekyll, Lutyens adapted past styles to contemporary domestic life in delightful and origi¬ nal ways. For the new Indian capital at Delhi, he devised a plan based on
a series of hexagons separated by broad avenues; his most important building there, the Viceroy’s House (1912-30), combined aspects of Clas¬ sical architecture with Indian motifs. After World War I he became archi¬ tect to the Imperial War Graves Commission, for which he designed the Cenotaph in London (1919-20) and other memorials.
Luxembourg Vluk-som-.biirkA English Ybk-som-.borgV officially Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Country, western Europe. Area: 999 sq mi (2,586 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 457,000. Capitaclass="underline" Luxembourg.
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Most of the population is ethnically French or German, though there is a proportion of foreign residents, chiefly Portuguese, Ital¬ ians, French, Belgians, and Germans. Lan¬ guages: Luxembourgian, French, German.
Religion: Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic). Currency: euro. The country has a maximum length of 51 mi (82 km) and a maximum width of 35 mi (56 km). It is divided into two regions: the Oesling, an extension of the Ardennes Mountains in the northern third of the country consisting of a high plateau dissected by river valleys; and the Bon Pays, or Gutland, a rolling plateau that occupies the rest of the land. Luxembourg’s economy is largely based on heavy industry and international trade and banking, and its per capita income is among the highest in the world. It is a constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the grand duke, and the head of government is the prime minister. At the time of Roman conquest (53 bc), the area was inhabited by two Belgic tribes, the Treveri and the Mediomatrici. After ad 400, Germanic tribes invaded the region. It later came into Charlemagne’s empire. Made a duchy in 1354, it was ceded to the house of Burgundy in 1443 and to the Habsburgs in 1477. In the mid- 16th century it became part of the Spanish Netherlands. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 made it a grand duchy and awarded it to The Netherlands. After an uprising in 1830, its western portion became part of Belgium, while the remainder was held by The Netherlands. In 1867 the European powers guaranteed the neutrality and independence of Luxembourg. In the late 19th century it built a great steel industry by exploiting its extensive iron ore deposits. It was invaded and occupied by Germany in both world wars. Following World War II, it abandoned its neutrality by joining NATO in 1949. It joined the Benelux Economic Union in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community, a forerunner of the European Union, in 1952. Luxembourg ratified the Maastricht Treaty on European Union in 1992 and adopted the euro as its official monetary unit in 1999.
Luxembourg City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 76,833), capital of Luxembourg. A rocky promontory along the Alzette River was the site of a Roman for¬ tress and later of a Frankish castle, around which the medieval town developed. Siegfried, count of Ardennes, purchased this castle and made the duchy of Luxembourg independent in 963. The strongest in Europe
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after Gibraltar, the castle was garrisoned by the Prussians as a bulwark of the German Confederation (1815-66); it was dismantled by treaty in 1867. Long an important road and railway focus, the city is also an impor¬ tant industrial and financial centre. It is the seat of the European Court of Justice and several administrative offices of the European Union.
Luxemburg Vluk-som-.burkA English Vlok-som-.bargV Rosa (b. March 5, 1871, Zamosc, Pol., Rus¬ sian Empire—d. Jan. 15, 1919, Ber¬ lin, Ger.) Polish-bom German political radical, intellectual, and author. As a Jew in Russian- controlled Poland, she was drawn early into underground political activism. In 1889 she fled to Zurich,
Switz., where she obtained her doc¬ torate. Having become involved in the international socialist movement, in 1892 she cofounded what would become the Polish Communist Party.
The Russian Revolution of 1905 con¬ vinced her that the world revolution would originate in Russia. She advo¬ cated the mass strike as the proletari¬ at’s most important tool. Imprisoned R osa Luxemburg, in Warsaw for agitation, she then interfoto/friedrich rauch, Munich moved to Berlin to teach and write
(1907-14). Early in World War I she cofounded the Spartacus League (see Spartacists), and in 1918 she oversaw its transformation into the German Communist Party; she was murdered during the Spartacus Revolt less than a month later. She believed in a democratic path to socialism after a world revolution to overthrow capitalism and opposed what she recognized as Vladimir Ilich Lenin’s emerging dictatorship.
Luxemburgian Dialect of German spoken exclusively in Luxembourg. A Moselle-Franconian dialect of the West Middle German group, enriched by many French words and phrases, Luxemburgian is spoken by all classes. Luxembourg’s population is generally bilingual or trilingual. Lux¬ emburgian is mostly used orally, French in government and the courts, and German in newspapers; all three languages are used in the schools.