Mabovich, Goldie See Golda Meir Mabuse See Jan Gossart Mac ind Og See Maponos
Mac-Mahon \mak-ma-'6 n \, (Marie-Edme-Patrice-) Maurice, count de later duke de Magenta (b. July 13, 1808, Sully, France—d. Oct. 17, 1893, Loiret) French soldier and second president (1873-79) of the Third Republic. Descended from an Irish Jacobite family, he began his army career in 1827 and distinguished himself in the Crimean War and in the Italian campaign at the Battle of Magenta (1859), after which he was made a marshal of France and duke de Magenta. He was governor-general of Algeria (1864-70) and later a commander in the Franco-Prussian War. He was appointed head of the Versailles Army, which defeated the Paris Commune in 1871. He was elected president after the resignation of Adolphe Thiers. During his term the Constitutional Laws of 1875 were promulgated. Mac-Mahon resigned following a constitu¬ tional crisis that was resolved in favour of parliamentary control of the government. Thereafter in the Third Republic, the office of president became largely honorific.
macadam Vmo-'ka-domN Form of pavement invented by John McAdam. Me Adam’s road cross-section consisted of a compacted subgrade of crushed granite or greenstone designed to support the load, covered by a surface of light stone to absorb wear and tear and shed water to the drain¬ age ditches. In modem macadam construction, crushed stone or gravel is placed on the compacted base course and bound together with asphalt cement or hot tar. A third layer to fill the spaces is then added and rolled. Cement-sand slurry is sometimes used as the binder.
macadamia X.ma-ko-'da-me-oX Any of about 10 species of ornamen¬ tal evergreen trees, in the family Pro- teaceae, and their edible, richly flavoured dessert nuts. Macadamias originated in the coastal rainforests and scrubs of northeastern Australia.
Macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia)
WALTER DAWN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
MacAlpin ► MacDiarmid I 1157
Those grown commercially in Hawaii and Australia are principally of two species, the smooth-shelled Macadamia integrifolia and the rough-shelled M. tetraphylla. Macadamias are grown in quantity also in parts of Africa and South and Central America. Hard to propagate and slow to bear fruit, the trees grow only in rich, well-drained soil in areas receiving 50 in. (130 cm) of rain annually. Fragrant pink or white flower clusters on trees with large, shiny, leathery leaves produce bunches of 1-20 fruits. The nuts contain much fat but are a good source of minerals and vitamin B.
MacAlpin, Kenneth See Kenneth I
macaque Vmo-'kakX Any of about 12 primarily Asian species of omnivorous, diurnal monkeys (genus Macaca ) with cheek pouches for carrying food. Some species have long tails, some have short tails, and some have none. Males are 16-28 in. (41-70 cm) long (excluding the tail) and weigh 12-40 lb (5.5-18 kg). Troops live in mountains and low¬ lands and along shores. The rhesus monkey (M. mulatto) has been impor¬ tant to medical and psychological research. Malays train pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina ) to pick coconuts. See also Barbary ape; bonnet monkey; Celebes black ape.
MacArthur, Charles (Gordon) (b. Nov. 5, 1895, Scranton, Pa., U.S.—d. April 21, 1956, New York, N.Y.) U.S. journalist, playwright, and screenwriter. He worked as a reporter in Chicago and New York City (1914-26) before collaborating with Edward Shelden on the play Lulu Belle (1926). With Ben Hecht he wrote the Broadway hits The Front Page (1928; film, 1931) and Twentieth Century (1932; film, 1934) and several later plays noted for their graphic, crisp dialogue. Their screenplays included the film adaptations of their own plays and Wuthering Heights (1939), and they wrote and directed movies such as Crime Without Pas¬ sion (1934), The Scoundrel (1935), and Soak the Rich (1936). He was married to actress Helen Hayes.
MacArthur, Douglas (b. Jan. 26, 1880, Little Rock, Ark., U.S.—d. April 5, 1964, Washington, D.C.) U.S. general. Son of Gen. Arthur Mac¬ Arthur (1845-1912), he graduated from West Point, of which he became superintendent (1919-22). He rose through the ranks to become general and army chief of staff (1930-35). In 1932 he commanded the troops that evicted the Bonus Army. In 1937 he took over command of the Philippine military. At the outbreak of World War II he was recalled to active duty; he led the combined Philippine-U.S. forces in the Philippines until it was overrun by the Japanese (1942). From Australia, he commanded U.S. forces in the South Pacific and directed the recapture of strategic islands, returning as promised (“I shall return”) to liberate the Philippines in 1944. Promoted to general of the army, he received Japan’s surrender on Sept. 2, 1945. As Allied commander of the postwar occupation of Japan (1945- 51), he directed the restoration of the country’s economy and the draft¬ ing of a democratic constitution. As commander of UN forces in the Korean War in 1950, he stemmed the advance of North Korean troops. His request for authority to bomb China was rejected by Pres. Harry Tru¬ man; when MacArthur made the dispute public, Truman relieved him of his command, for insubordination. He returned to the U.S. to a hero’s welcome, though many deplored his egotism. He was twice (1948, 1952) seriously considered for the Republican Party nomination for president.
MacArthur-Forrest process See cyanide process Macassar See Ujung Pandang
Macau \m9-'kau\ or Macao Chinese Aomen Vau-'menV Special administrative region (pop., 2005 est.: 470,000), southern China. Located on the South China Sea coast about 40 mi (64 km) west of Hong Kong, it consists of a small peninsula, which projects from Guangdong prov¬ ince, and two small islands. Its total land area is 10.6 sq mi (27.5 sq km). Macau city is the administrative centre. Portuguese traders first arrived in Macau in 1513, and it soon became the chief market centre for trade between China and Japan. Portugal declared it an overseas province in 1844 and an overseas territory in 1951. In 1999 Portugal returned it to Chinese rule. Tourism and gambling are the mainstays of its economy.
Macaulay \mo- l k6-le\, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay of Rothley (b. Oct. 25, 1800, Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, Eng.—d. Dec. 28, 1859, Campden Hill, London) English politician, historian, and poet. While a fellow at Cambridge University, Macaulay published the first of his essays, on John Milton (1825), and gained immediate fame. After entering Parliament in 1830, he became known as a leading orator. From 1834 he served on the Supreme Council in India, supporting the equality of Europeans and Indians before the law and inaugurating a
national educational system. He reentered Parliament on returning to England in 1838. He published Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) and Critical and Historical Essays (1843) before retiring to private life and beginning his brilliant History of England, 5 vol. (1849-61); covering the period 1688-1702, it established a Whig interpretation of English history that influenced generations.
macaw \m9-'ko\ Any of about 18 species of large tropical New World parrots (subfamily Psittacinae) with very long tails and big sickle-shaped beaks. Macaws eat fruits and nuts.
They are easily tamed and often kept as pets; some learn to mimic human speech, but most only screech. A few have lived 65 years. Best known is the scarlet macaw (Ara macao ), found from Mexico to Brazil, a 36-in. (90-cm) bright-red bird with blue and yellow wings, blue and red tail, and white face.
MacBride, Sean (b. Jan. 26, 1904, Paris, France—d. Jan. 15, 1988, Dublin, Ire.) Irish statesman. Bom to Irish patriots—his mother was Wil¬ liam Butler Yeats’s beloved Maud Gonne (1866-1953), and his father was Maj. John MacBride, executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising—he became chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army at age 24, but he even¬ tually accepted the fact of partition and the futility of warfare. In 1936 he founded the Irish Republican Party; he served in the Irish legislature (1947-58) and as minister of external affairs (1948-51). He was the first chairman of Amnesty International (1961-75). He also served as UN assis¬ tant secretary-general for South West Africa and Namibia (1973-77). In 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts on behalf of human rights.