Mackenzie, Sir James (b. April 12, 1853, Scone, Perthshire, Scot.—d. Jan. 26, 1925, London, Eng.) Scottish cardiologist. He received his M.D. from the University of Edinburgh and practiced medicine in Lancashire for 25 years before moving to London. His classic The Study of the Pulse (1902) described an instrument called a polygraph, which simultaneously recorded arterial and venous pulses so that they could be correlated with the heartbeat to distinguish harmless from dangerous irregularities. A pioneer in the study of cardiac arrhythmia, he also proved the efficacy of digitalis for its treatment.
Mackenzie, William Lyon (b. March 12, 1795, Springfield, Angus, Scot.—d. Aug. 28, 1861, Toronto) Scottish-born Canadian journalist and political agitator. He immigrated to Canada in 1820 and became a mer¬ chant in Upper Canada (later Ontario). In 1824 he founded a newspaper in Queenston, the Colonial Advocate, in which he criticized the ruling oligarchy in Upper Canada. Elected to the province’s assembly (1828— 36), he was expelled six times by the conservative majority for his news¬ paper’ s invectives against the government. A list of Canadian grievances against British colonial rule that he published led to the recall of the prov¬ ince’s governor. In 1837 he led 800 followers in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the provincial government. After attempting to rally his forces on Navy Island in the Niagara River, N.Y., he was jailed for vio¬ lating U.S. neutrality laws. He returned to Canada in 1849 and later served in the Canadian Parliament (1851-58).
Mackenzie River River system, Northwest Territories, Canada. It flows northward from Great Slave Lake into the Beaufort Sea of the Arc¬ tic Ocean. Its basin, with an area of 697,000 sq mi (1,805,200 sq km), is the largest in Canada. It is 1,025 mi (1,650 km) long and 1-2 mi (1.5-3 km) wide. With the Finlay River, its farthest headstream, the entire sys¬ tem is 2,635 mi (4,241 km) long, making it the second longest river in North America. It was discovered by the explorer Alexander Mackenzie in
mackerel Swift-moving, carnivorous, torpedo-shaped food and sport fishes (family Scombridae, order Perciformes) of temperate and tropical seas worldwide. Mackerels are 1-5.5 ft (30-170 cm) long. The common mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ) of the North Atlantic Ocean and the chub mackerel (S. colias) of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans are economically important, as are the Indian mackerels (genus Rastrelliger ) and the frig¬ ate mackerels (genus Auxis). Other species (genus Scomberomorus ) are favourite game fish. The name mackerel also refers to certain shark spe¬ cies (see MACKEREL SHARK), TUNA, and BONITO.
mackerel shark Any of several temperate-water sharks (genus Lamna) in a family (Isuridae) that also includes the great white shark and the mako shark group. The swift, active mackerel sharks have a crescent¬ shaped tail and slender teeth. They are gray or blue-gray above and paler below and about 10 ft (3 m) long. They eat fishes such as herring, mack¬ erel, and salmon, sometimes taking fishermen’s catches and damaging
Machu Picchu.
MAYES/FPG
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Mackinac ► MacNeice I 1161
nets. They are fished commercially for food. Common species include the Atlantic mackerel shark, or por¬ beagle (L. nasus), and the Pacific mackerel shark, or salmon shark (L ditropis ).
Mackinac Vma-ko-.noV Straits of Channel connecting Lake Michi¬ gan with Lake Huron. Forming an important waterway between the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan, U.S., the straits are 30 mi (48 km) long and 4 mi (6 km) wide at their narrowest point. They are spanned by the Mackinac Bridge, a 3,800-ft (1,158-m) suspension bridge built in 1957.
Mackinac Island Island in the Straits of Mackinac, southeastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It is 3 mi (5 km) long. It was an ancient Indian burial ground called Michilimackinac when the British built a fort there in 1780. After the U.S. took possession in 1783, it became the head¬ quarters of the American Fur Co. Occupied by the British during the War of 1812, the island returned to U.S. control in 1815. It has been a state park since 1895; automobiles are banned from the island. A popular tour¬ ist destination, the island is home to the Grand Hotel (1887), the world’s largest summer hotel.
Mackinaw trout See lake trout
Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (b. June 7, 1868, Glasgow, Scot.—d. Dec. 10, 1928, London, Eng.) Scottish architect, furniture designer, and artist. A giant of the Arts and Crafts Movement, he is especially revered for his glass-and-stone studio building at the Glasgow School of Art (1896-1909), where he had attended classes. In the 1890s he achieved an international reputation creating unorthodox posters, craftwork, and fur¬ niture. Considered Britain’s first designer of true Art Nouveau architec¬ ture, he produced work of an unrivaled lightness, elegance, and originality, as exemplified by four remarkable tearooms he designed in Glasgow (1896-1904). By 1914 he was dedicating all his energies to watercolour painting. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in his work and the manufacture of reproductions of his chairs and settees, which were characterized by starkly simple geometric lines.
MacLaine, Shirley orig. Shirley McLean Beaty (b. April 24, 1934, Richmond, Va., U.S.) U.S. film actress. She worked as a dancer on Broadway. After replacing the injured star in The Pajama Game (1954), she was discovered by a film producer and made her movie debut in Alfred Hitchcock’s The Trouble with Harry (1955). Known for her deft portrayal of charmingly eccentric characters, she went on to play comic and dra¬ matic roles in Some Came Running (1959), The Apartment (1960), Irma La Douce (1963), Sweet Charity (1969), The Turning Point (1977), Terms of Endearment (1983, Academy Award), Madame Sousatzka (1988), and Mrs. Winterbourne (1996). She wrote several best-selling books, often about her mystical experiences, including Out on a Limb (1983) and Going Within (1989). She is the sister of Warren Beatty.
Maclean, Donald See Guy Burgess
Maclean's \m3-'klanz\ Weekly newsmagazine published in Toronto, the leading Canadian magazine. It provides coverage of Canadian affairs and world news from a Canadian perspective. Founded by John Bayne Maclean as The Business Magazine in 1905, its large-page format pre¬ sented feature articles and fiction reflecting a conservative view of Cana¬ dian life and values and developed a reputation for outstanding photography. The magazine took its current name in 1911. After experi¬ encing losses in the 1960s, Maclean’s reduced its page size and moved from biweekly to monthly circulation in the 1970s; this continued until the magazine’s finances revived, and in 1978 Maclean’s became Cana¬ da’s first weekly newsmagazine.
MacLeish \m3-'klesh\, Archibald (b. May 7, 1892, Glencoe, Ill., U.S.—d. April 20, 1982, Boston, Mass.) U.S. poet, playwright, teacher, and public official. He practiced law before leaving for France in 1923 to perfect his poetic craft. His early poems “Ars Poetica” (1926) and “You, Andrew Marvell” (1930) are often anthologized. He later expressed his concern for democratic ideals in “public” verse such as Conquistador (1932, Pulitzer Prize) and Public Speech (1936). Other works include Collected Poems (1952, Pulitzer Prize) and the verse drama J.B. (1958,
Pulitzer Prize). He served as librarian of Congress (1939-44) and assis¬ tant secretary of state (1944-45) and later taught at Harvard (1949-62).