Madani \'ma-da-ne\, Abbasi al- (b. 1931, Sid! TJqbah, Alg.) Cofounder, with Ali Belhadj, of the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). After earning a doctorate in London, he returned to Algeria to teach at the University of Algiers, where he became a leader of religious students. He traveled with other itinerant preachers around the country, exchanging ideas and preaching the outlines of a religious political movement. He was arrested after the first round of voting in the 1991-92 legislative elections. In 1999 he endorsed a peace agreement put forward by Algeria’s presi¬ dent, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, between the FIS and the Algerian government.
Madariaga y Rojo ^ma-do-re-'a-go-e-'ro-hoV Salvador de (b.
July 23, 1886, La Coruna, Spain—d. Dec. 14, 1978, Locarno, Switz.) Spanish writer, diplomat, and historian. Abandoning an engineering career for journalism, he joined the League of Nations Secretariat in 1921 as a press member, served as ambassador to the U.S. and France, and was Spain’s permanent delegate to the League (1931-36). When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, he moved to England, returning only after Francisco Franco’s death. He wrote prolifically in English, German, French, and Spanish, his works including Englishmen, Frenchmen, Span¬ iards (1928), Spain (1942), The Rise and Fall of the Spanish American Empire (1945), and novels based on Latin American history.
madder family Family Rubiaceae, composed of about 6,500 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees in 500 genera. The leaves usually are large and evergreen in tropical species, deciduous in temperate species, and needle¬ like or scalelike in desert species. The plants may bear a single flower or many small flowers clustered together. Economically important products of the family include coffee, quinine, ipecac, the red dye alizarin (from the roots of common madder, Rubia tinctorum, and of R. cordifolia), and ornamentals including gardenias.
Madderakka \'mad-da-,rah-ka\ Among the Sami, the goddess of child¬ birth. She was assisted by three of her daughters—Sarakka, the cleaving woman; Uksakka, the door woman; and Juksakka, the bow woman—who watched over the child from conception through early childhood. Mad¬ derakka was believed to receive the soul of a child from Veralden-radien, the god who ruled the world; she then gave it a body, which Sarakka placed in the mother’s womb.
Maddux, Greg in full Gregory Alan Maddux (b. April 14,1966, San Angelo, Texas, U.S.) U.S. baseball player. Maddux was a star pitcher in high school and was drafted and brought up to the major leagues by the Chicago Cubs (1986-92). He joined the Atlanta Braves in 1993 as a free agent and helped them win the World Series in 1995. Known for his superior control and consistency, Maddux is the only pitcher ever to win the Cy Young pitching award four years in a row (1992-95). He rejoined the Cubs in 2004.
Madeira \ma-'dar-9\ Islands Island group (pop., 2001 prelim.: 242,603) and autonomous region of Portugal, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Madeira, the largest of the Madeira Islands, is the site of the region’s capital, Funchal. Madeira Island is 34 mi (55 km) long and 14 mi (22 km) wide and has deep ravines and rugged mountains. Possibly known to ancient Phoenicians, it was rediscovered by the Portuguese navigator Joao Gonsalves Zarco, who founded Funchal in 1421. It allegedly had the world’s first sugarcane plantation. Its Madeira wine has been an impor¬ tant export since the 17th century. Tourism is also important.
Madeira River River, western Brazil. A major tributary of the Ama¬ zon River, it is formed by the junction of the Mamore and Beni rivers in Bolivia and flows north along the border between Bolivia and Brazil. It meanders northeast in Brazil to join the Amazon east of Manaus. Mea¬ sured from the upper reaches of the Mamore, it is 2,082 mi (3,352 km) long.
Madero \m9-'der-o\, Francisco (Indalecio) (b. Oct. 30, 1873, Par¬ ras, Mex.—d. Feb. 22, 1913, Mexico City) Mexican revolutionary and president (1911-13). Son of a wealthy landowner, in 1908 he called for honest, participatory elections and an end to the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. Jailed for sedition but released on bail, he incited an armed insurrection that led to Diaz’s resignation. He was elected president in 1911. Handicapped by political inexperience and excessive idealism, he was quickly overwhelmed by conflicting pressures from conserva¬ tives and revolutionaries, and his administration ended in personal and national disaster when he was assas¬ sinated in 1913. See also Mexican Revolution; Pancho Villa; Emiliano Zapata.
Madhya Pradesh Vma-dyo-pro-'daslA State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 60,385,118), central India. It is bordered by the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Occupying an area of 119,016 sq mi (308,252 sq km), it is India’s second largest state. Its capi¬ tal is Bhopal. It is the source of some of the most important rivers of India, including the Narmada, the Tapi, the Mahanadi, and the Wainganga. It was part of the Mauryan empire of the 4th-3rd centuries bc and was ruled by numerous other dynasties. Under Islamic control from the 11th century, it was annexed by the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. It was under Maratha rule by 1760 and passed to the British early in the 19th century. The state was formed after India gained its independence in 1947; its boundaries were altered in 1956. In 2000 the eastern portion of the state
Francisco Madero, c. 1910.
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was made into the new state of Chhattisgarh. Though Madhya Pradesh is rich in mineral resources, its economic mainstay is agriculture.
Madhyamika Vmad-'yo-mi-koV School in the Mahayana Buddhist tra¬ dition. Its name means “middle” and derives from its middle position between the realism of the Sarvastivada school and the idealism of the Yogacara school. The most renowned Madhyamika thinker was Nagar- JUNA.
Madison City (pop., 2000: 208,054), capital of Wisconsin, U.S. It is located in the south-central part of the state, on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona. Founded in 1836 and named for James Madison, it became the capital of Wisconsin Territory the same year. It was incorpo¬ rated as a village in 1846 and as a city in 1856. Steady development fol¬ lowed the 1854 arrival of the railroad. Noted for its parks and wooded lakeshore, it is the commercial centre of an agricultural region. Educa¬ tional and governmental services are economically important; it is the seat of the University of Wisconsin’s main campus.
Madison, James (b. March 16, 1751, Port Conway, Va.—d. June 28, 1836, Montpelier, Va., U.S.) Fourth president of the U.S. (1809-17). After graduating from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), he served in the Virginia state legislature (1776-80, 1784-86). At the Constitutional Convention (1787), his Virginia, or large-state. Plan fur¬ nished the Constitution’s basic framework and guiding principles, earn¬ ing him the title “father of the Constitution.” To promote its ratification, he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay on the Federalist papers, a series of articles on the Constitution and republican government published in newspapers in 1787-88 (Madison wrote 29 of the 85 articles). In the U.S. House of Representatives (1789-97), he sponsored the Bill of Rights. He split with Hamilton over the existence of an implied congressional power to create a national bank; Madison denied such a power, though later, as president, he requested a national bank from Con¬ gress. In protest of the Alien and Sedition Acts, he drafted one of the Vir¬ ginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798 (Thomas Jefferson drafted the other). From 1801 to 1809 he was Jefferson’s secretary of state. Elected presi¬ dent in 1808, he immediately faced the problem of British interference with neutral U.S. merchant vessels, which Jefferson’s Embargo Act (1807) had failed to discourage. Believing that Britain was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, Madison proclaimed nonintercourse with Britain in 1810 and signed a declaration of war in 1812. During the ensuing War of 1 81 2 (1812-14), Madison and his family were forced to flee Washington, D.C., as advancing British troops burned the executive mansion and other public buildings. During Madison’s second term (1813-17) the second Bank of the United States was chartered and the first U.S. protective tariff was imposed. He retired to his Virginia estate, Mont¬ pelier, with his wife, Dolley (1768-1849), whose political acumen he had long prized. He participated in Jefferson’s creation of the University of Virginia, later serving as its rector (1826-36), and produced numerous articles and letters on political topics.