Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx).
RUSS KINNE/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
Sir John Mandeville, detail from a manuscript, early 15th century; in the British Library (MS. Add. 24,189)
REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE BRITISH UBRARY
became friendly with Claude Monet and the other Impressionists; while Manet would not participate in their independent exhibitions, for a time he experimented with some of their techniques. In 1882 he created the paint¬ ing A Bar at the Folies-Bergere (1882), a daring, controversial composition that was radical in its obliteration of the boundary between the viewer and what is viewed. The critical resistance to Manet’s work did not abate until near the end of his career; it was not until the 20th century that his repu¬ tation was secured by art historians and critics. His daring, unflinching approach to his painting and to the art world assured both him and his work a pivotal place in the history of modern art.
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, oil on canvas by Edouard Manet, 1882; in the Cour- tauld Institute Galleries, London.
COURTAULD INSTITUTE GALLERIES, LONDON (COURTAULD COLLECTION)
Manfred Italian Manfredi (b. c. 1232—d. Feb. 26, 1266, near Ben- evento, Kingdom of Naples) King of Sicily (1258-66). Bom out of wed¬ lock, the son of Frederick II, he was made vicar of Italy and Sicily for his half brother Conrad IV, but, following Conrad’s death, Manfred sought the Sicilian crown for himself. He resisted Pope Alexander IV’s efforts to assign the throne to an English rival, and, after fighting off a papal army, Manfred was crowned king in 1258. He became a defender of the Ghibellines in northern Italy (see Guelphs and Ghibellines). Pope Urban IV declared Charles of Anjou (later Charles I) king of Sicily, and Manfred fell in battle against Charles’s army.
mangal-kavya Vmoq-gol-'ka-vyoV Type of verse in honour of a god or goddess in Bengal. Most mangal-kavya tell how a local deity estab¬ lished his or her worship on earth. They are often recited at the festivals of the deities they praise. Some have become so popular that performers sing them to entertain village audiences. Many variants exist, since each singer is free to change the verses. Most are written in a simple couplet form, using earthy imagery drawn from village, field, and river.
manganese Vmaq-go-.nezV Metallic chemical element, one of the tran¬ sition elements, chemical symbol Mn, atomic number 25. It is a silvery white, hard, brittle metal, widely distributed in Earth’s crust in combina¬ tion with other elements. Nodules rich in manganese occur in huge quan¬ tities on the seafloor, but no economical way to mine them has been devised. More than 95% of the manganese produced is used in iron and steel alloys and much of the rest in nonferrous aluminum and magnesium alloys to improve their corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Manganese compounds, in which it has various valences, are used in fer¬ tilizers and textile printing and as reagents and raw materials. Potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting, deodorizing, and bleaching and as a reagent in analysis. Manganese is essential to plants for growth and to higher animals to promote the action of many enzymes.
mango Evergreen tree and fruit {Mangifera indica ) of the sumac, or cashew, family, one of the most important and widely cultivated fruits of the tropical world. The yellow to orange fruit is juicy, distinctively spicy, and a rich source of vitamins A, C, and D. Mango fruit varies in shape, colour, and size from ovoid to long, from vividly red and yellow to dull green, and from plum- to melon-size. It is used in Theravada Buddhist
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mangrove ► Manipur I 1185
ceremonies. The long-lived tree reaches 50-60 ft (15-18 m) and has long, lance-shaped leaves and clusters of small, pinkish, fragrant flowers.
mangrove Any of certain shrubs and trees of the families Rhizopho- raceae, Verbenaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and Arecaceae (palm) that grow in dense thickets or forests along tidal estuaries, in salt marshes, and on muddy coasts. The term also applies to the thickets and forests of such plants. Mangroves characteristically have prop roots (exposed, support¬ ing roots). In addition, in many species respiratory, or knee, roots project above the mud and have small openings through which air enters, pass¬ ing through the soft, spongy tissue to the roots beneath the mud. Man¬ grove fruits put out an embryonic root before they fall from the tree; the root may fix itself in the mud before the fruit separates from the parent. Likewise, branches and trunks put out adventitious roots which, once they are secure in the mud, send up new shoots. The common mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) grows to about 30 ft (9 m) tall and bears short, thick, leathery leaves on short stems, and pale-yellow flowers. Its fruit is sweet and wholesome.
Mangu See Mongke Manhae See Han Yongun
Manhattan Borough (pop., 2000: 1,537,195) of New York City, south¬ eastern New York, U.S. It includes all of Manhattan island and three smaller islands in the East River. Bounded by the Hudson River, Harlem River, East River, and Upper New York Bay, it is said to have been pur¬ chased by Peter Minuit in 1626 from the Manhattan Indians with trinkets valued at 60 guilders. Incorporated as New Amsterdam in 1653, it was obtained by Britain in 1664 and renamed New York City. In 1898 Man¬ hattan was chartered as one of five boroughs making up Greater New York. It is one of the world’s great commercial, financial, and cultural centres. Among its many points of interest are Central Park, the Empire State Building, the site of the former World Trade Center, the United Nations headquarters, Wall Street, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Carnegie Hall, Colum¬ bia University, the Juiluard School, and New York University.
Manhattan Project (1942-45) U.S. government research project that produced the first atomic bomb. In 1939 U.S. scientists urged Pres. Fran¬ klin D. Roosevelt to establish a program to study the potential military use of fission, and $6,000 was appropriated. By 1942 the project was code- named Manhattan, after the site of Columbia University, where much of the early research was done. Research also was carried out at the Univer¬ sity of California and the University of Chicago. In 1943 a laboratory to construct the bomb was established at Los Alamos, N.M., and staffed by scientists headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Production also was carried out at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford, Wash. The first bomb was exploded in a test at Alamogordo air base in southern New Mexico. By its end the project had cost some $2 billion and had involved 125,000 people.
Mani \ma-'ne\ or Manes \ma-'ne, 'ma-nez\ or Manichaeus V.ma-no-'ke-osV (b. April 14, 216, southern Babylonia—d. 274?, Gunde- shapur) Persian founder of Manichaeism. He had his first vision of an angel in his boyhood, and when he was 24 the angel reappeared and called him to preach a new religion. He traveled to India and made converts there. The Persian king Shapur I permitted him to preach in the Persian empire, but, during the reign of Bahram I, Mani was attacked by Zoroastrian priests. After a 26-day trial he was sentenced to prison, where he died.
manic-depressive psychosis See bipolar disorder
Manichaeism Vma-no-.ke-.i-zom, .ma-no-'ke-.i-zoirA Dualistic religion founded by Mani in Persia in the 3rd century ad. Inspired by a vision of an angel, Mani viewed himself as the last in a line of prophets that included Adam, Buddha, Zoroaster, and Jesus. His writings, now mostly lost, formed the Manichaean scriptures. Manichaeism held that the world was a fusion of spirit and matter, the original principles of good and evil, and that the fallen soul was trapped in the evil, material world and could reach the transcendent world only by way of the spirit. Zealous mission¬ aries spread its doctrine through the Roman empire and the East. Vigor¬ ously attacked by both the Christian church and the Roman state, it disappeared almost entirely from Western Europe by the end of the 5th century but survived in Asia until the 14th century. See also dualism.