Manicouagan ^ma-ni-'kwa-gonX River River, eastern Quebec prov¬ ince, Canada. Rising near the Labrador border, it flows south to empty into the St. Lawrence River near its mouth. From its remotest headstream
it is more than 340 mi (550 km) long. The region’s dense forests are the source of its Indian name, meaning “where there is bark.” The Daniel- Johnson Dam, one of the world’s largest multiarch dams, generates hydro¬ electric power.
Manifest Destiny Concept of U.S. territorial expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean. The phrase was coined in 1845 by the editor John L. O’Sullivan, who described the U.S. annexation of Texas and, by exten¬ sion, the occupation of the rest of the continent as a divine right of the American people. The term was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Oregon, New Mexico, and California and later U.S. involvement in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines.
manifold In mathematics, a topological space (see topology) with a family of local coordinate systems related to each other by certain classes of coordinate transformations. Manifolds occur in algebraic geometry, dif¬ ferential equations, and classical dynamics. They are studied for their glo¬ bal properties by the methods of algebra and algebraic topology and form a natural domain for the global analysis of differential equations. See also tensor analysis.
Manila City (pop., 2000: city, 1,581,082; metro, area, 9,932,560), capi¬ tal of the Philippines. Located on Luzon island on the eastern shore of Mania Bay, it is the chief port and the economic, political, and cultural centre of the Philippines. The walled Muslim settlement originally built on the site was destroyed by Spanish conquistadors, who founded the fortress city of Intramuros in 1571. It was briefly held by the British (1762-63) dur¬ ing the Seven Years' War. During the Spanish-American War, U.S. forces gained control of Manila in 1898. Occupied by the Japanese in 1942, it was widely damaged during the fight for its recapture by U.S. forces in 1945. In 1946 it became the capital of the newly independent Republic of the Philippines, and was rebuilt. Quezon City became the capital in 1948, but Manila regained that position in 1976. In addition to its diver¬ sified industries, including shipbuilding and food processing, it is the seat of several universities.
Manila Bay Inlet of the South China Sea extending into southwestern Luzon island, Philippines. Considered one of the world’s great harbours, it forms a nearly landlocked body of water with an area of 770 sq mi (2,000 sq km). It measures 36 mi (58 km) across at its widest point. The decisive Battle of Mania Bay, in the Spanish-American War, took place there in 1898. The Japanese gained control of the bay in 1942 during World War II, but it was recaptured by U.S. forces in 1945. Corregidor Island, the scene of intense fighting in the war, divides the bay’s entrance into the South Channel and the North Channel.
Manila Bay, Battle of (May 1, 1898) Naval engagement in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. Asiatic Squadron under George Dewey was ordered to sail from its Hong Kong base to destroy the Spanish fleet then in the Philippines. In one morning the guns of Dewey’s squadron completely destroyed the Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay. The Spanish suffered 381 casualties, the Americans fewer than 10. Manila later surrendered and was occupied by U.S. troops in August. The battle estab¬ lished the U.S. as a major naval power.
Manin \ma-‘nen\, Daniele (b. May 13, 1804, Venice—d. Sept. 22, 1857, Paris, France) Italian leader of the Risorgimento in Venice. A law¬ yer in the Austrian province of Venitia, Manin became a proponent of home rule and was imprisoned in 1848. He was freed following the rebel¬ lion that year and became president of the Venetian republic, reluctantly accepting union with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the name of Italian unification. He led a heroic defense of Venice against an Austrian siege, but he was forced to surrender in 1849. Banished, he lived in Paris the rest of his life, but in 1868 his body was returned to liberated Venice for a state funeral.
manioc See cassava
Manipur Vmo-ni-.pCuA State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 2,388,634), northeast¬ ern India. Occupying an area of 8,621 sq mi (22,327 sq km), it is bor¬ dered by Myanmar (Burma) and the states of Nagaand, Assam, and Mizoram; its capital is Imphal. Its two main physical features are the Manipur River valley and the western mountainous region. In 1762 and 1824 Manipur requested British assistance in repelling Burmese inva¬ sions. The British administered the area in the 1890s, but in 1907 a local government took over; a tribal uprising in 1917 led to a new government administered from Assam. In 1947 Manipur acceded to the Indian union;
L_
M
N
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1186 I Manitoba ► Mannerism
L_
N
it was ruled as a union territory until it became a state in 1972. Agricul¬ ture and forestry are economic mainstays.
Manitoba X.ma-ni-'to-boX Province (pop., 2001: 1,119,583), central Canada. It is bounded by Nunavut, Hudson Bay, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and by the U.S.; its capital is Winnipeg. Three-fifths of its territory is cov¬ ered by the Canadian Shield, an area of rocks, forests, and rivers. The region was first inhabited by the Inuit (Eskimo) and by the Cree, Assiniboin, and Ojibwa peoples. The Hudson's Bay Co. opened Manitoba to European influence, and the region became a focus of French and British compe¬ tition for Canadian fur trade dominance; it was ceded by France to Brit¬ ain in 1763. The Metis rebellion led to the passage of the Manitoba Act in 1870, making it the fifth province of the Dominion of Canada. Steam¬ boat and rail transportation opened the province to settlers from Europe in the late 19th century. Though much of the economy is based on farm¬ ing, lumbering, and mining, heavy industry has become important to an expanding Winnipeg.
Manitoba, Lake Lake, south-central Manitoba, Canada. Located northwest of Winnipeg, it drains into Lake Winnipeg. It is more than 125 mi (200 km) long and up to 28 mi (45 km) wide, with an area of 1,785 sq mi (4,624 sq km). It was discovered in 1738 by Pierre La Verendrye, who named it Lac des Prairies. The name Manitoba is believed to come from the Algonquian word maniot-bau or maniot-wapau (“strait of the spirit”).
Manitoba, University of Canadian public university in Winnipeg, founded in 1877. It has faculties of agricultural and food sciences, archi¬ tecture, arts and sciences, education, engineering, law, graduate studies, management, medicine, human ecology, and social work, among other fields. Campus facilities include centres for the study of aging, defense and security, and diabetes.
Manizales \,ma-ne-'sa-las\ City (pop., 1999 est.: 337,580), central Colombia. It is situated on a ridge of the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains, at an elevation of 6,975 ft (2,126 m) above sea level; its cathedral is visible for miles in all directions. Founded in 1848, it is the commercial centre of Colombia’s most important coffee-growing district. It is connected by highway and railroad with Cali and by cableway with Mariquita. It is the seat of the University of Caldas.
Manjusri V.mon-'jii-shreV In Mahayana Buddhism, the bodhisattva per¬ sonifying supreme wisdom. He is usually considered a celestial being, though some traditions give him a human history. Sutras were com¬ posed in his honor by ad 250, and he appears in Buddhist art by ad 400.