McClung, Nellie orig. Nellie Mooney (b. Oct. 20, 1873, Chats- worth, Ont., Can.—d. Sept. 1, 1951, Victoria, B.C.) Canadian writer and reformer. After marrying in 1896, she became prominent in the temperance movement. Her Sowing Seeds in Danny (1908), a novel about life in a small western town, became a national best-seller. She lectured widely on woman suffrage and other reforms in Canada and the U.S. and served in the Alberta legislature (1921-26).
McCormack, John (b. June 14, 1884, Athlone, County Westmeath, Ire.—d. Sept. 16, 1945, near Dublin) Irish-U.S. tenor. He toured with Dublin’s cathedral choir as a boy, studied voice in Milan, and made his Italian debut in 1906. He debuted the next year in London in Cavalleria rusticana, and an international operatic career ensued, especially in the U.S., for the next decade. From 1918 he concentrated on recitals and recordings, ranging from German lieder to sentimental popular songs. His Irish songs were particularly beloved.
McCormick, Cyrus Hall (b. Feb. 15, 1809, Rockbridge county, Va., U.S.—d. May 13, 1884, Chicago,
Ill.) U.S. industrialist and inventor.
He is generally credited with the development (from 1831) of the mechanical reaper, which revolution¬ ized the harvesting of grain. By 1850 the McCormick reaper was known throughout the U.S.; its prizes and honours, including the Grand Medal of Honour at the 1855 Paris exposi¬ tion, made it famous around the world. In 1902 the McCormick Har¬ vesting Co. joined with other com¬ panies to form International Harvester Co., with McCormick’s son Cyrus, Jr., as its first president.
McCormick, Robert R(uther- ford) known as Colonel McCor¬ mick (b. July 30, 1880, Chicago,
Ill., U.S.—d. April 1, 1955, Whea¬ ton, Ill.) U.S. newspaper editor and publisher. He was a grandnephew of Cyrus H. McCormick and grandson of Joseph Medill, editor and publisher of the Chicago Tribune. He was presi¬ dent of the Chicago Tribune Co. from 1911 and sole editor and publisher of the Tribune from 1925. Under his direction the paper achieved the largest circulation among U.S. standard-sized newspapers and led the world in newspaper advertising revenue. His idiosyncratic editorials made him the personification of reactionary journalism in the U.S.
McCrea \m3-'kra\, Joel (Albert) (b. Nov. 5, 1905, South Pasadena, Calif., U.S.—d. Oct. 20, 1990, Woodland Hills, Calif.) U.S. film actor. He worked in Hollywood as a stuntman and bit player before getting his first leading role in The Silver Horde (1930). His films—many of them west¬
erns in which he portrayed a dependable, even-tempered man speaking in a resonant American twang—include The Most Dangerous Game (1932), Wells Fargo (1937), Union Pacific (1939), Foreign Correspondent (1940), Sullivan’s Travels (1941), The Virginian (1946), and Ride the High Coun¬ try (1962).
McCullers, Carson orig. Lula Carson Smith (b. Feb. 19, 1917, Columbus, Ga., U.S.—d. Sept. 29, 1967, Nyack, N.Y.) U.S. novelist and short-story writer. She studied at Columbia and New York universities and eventually settled in New York’s Greenwich Village. A series of strokes she suffered as a child left her partly paralyzed. She typically set her sto¬ ries in small Southern communities and depicted the inner lives of lonely people. Her novels include The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), perhaps her finest work; Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941); The Member of the Wedding (1946), which she adapted into a play (1950); and The Ballad of the Sad Cafe ( 1951), dramatized by Edward Albee in 1963. Each of these was adapted for film.
McCulloch, Hugh (b. Dec. 7, 1808, Kennebunk, Maine, U.S.—d. May 24, 1895, near Washington, D.C.)
U.S. financier and statesman. After teaching school in Boston, he moved in 1833 to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he was a lawyer and then a banker.
Appointed U.S. secretary of the trea¬ sury (1865-69), he attempted to return the U.S. to the gold standard by withdrawing from circulation the paper money that had been issued during the American Civil War, but he was thwarted by public opposition.
He was again secretary of the trea¬ sury from 1884 to 1885.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that affirmed the consti¬ tutional doctrine of Congress’s implied powers. The case concerned the legitimacy of the authority of a newly created national bank to con¬ trol the issuance of currency by the states, including Maryland. The unani¬ mous opinion, written by John Marshall, established that Congress possesses not only the powers expressly conferred on it by the Constitu¬ tion but also the authority appropriate to the utilization of such powers, in this case the creation of such a bank. This doctrine, drawn from the “elastic clause” of Article 1, became a significant factor in the steady growth of federal powers. It also bolstered the power of judicial review established in Marburyv. Madison (1803).
McDonnell Douglas Corp. U.S. manufacturer of jet fighters, com¬ mercial aircraft, and space vehicles. It was formed in the 1967 merger of the McDonnell Aircraft Co. (founded 1939) and the Douglas Co. (1921). During World War II, Douglas contributed 29,000 warplanes, one-sixth of the U.S. airborne fleet. After the war, it dominated commercial air routes with its DC-6 and DC-7. With the development of commercial jets, Dou¬ glas began to lag behind Boeing Co. and sought a merger with McDon¬ nell, which had grown quickly during World War II and had continued to be a major defense supplier, designing the first carrier-based jet fighter. After the merger McDonnell Douglas produced widely used jet fighters (including the F-4 Phantom, A-4 Skyhawk, F-l 5 Eagle, and F-18 Hornet) as well as launch vehicles and cruise missiles. It was bought by Boeing in 1997. See also Lockheed-Martin.
McEnroe, John (Patrick), Jr. (b. Feb. 16, 1959, Wiesbaden, W.Ger.) U.S. tennis player. He grew up in Douglaston, N.Y. An athletic serve- and-volley player, he won three consecutive U.S. Open singles titles (1979-81) and a fourth in 1984. He also won the Wimbledon singles in 1981, 1983, and 1984, as well as several doubles titles. Known for his temper tantrums and invective on court, he became the first player ejected from a grand-slam match in nearly 30 years.
McFadden, Daniel L. (b. July 29, 1937, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.) U.S. economist and winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, along with James Heckman, for development of methods for analyzing individual or household behaviour. McFadden studied physics (B.S. 1957) and economics (Ph.D. 1962) at the University of Minnesota. He taught
Kennebunk, Maine, U.S.—d. May
Hugh McCulloch
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1222 I McGill University > McKinley
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economics at the University of California, Berkeley (1963-79 and from 1990), Yale University (1977-78), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1978—91). In 1974 McFadden developed conditional logit analysis—a method for determining how people make choices that maxi¬ mize the utility of their decisions. His work has helped predict usage rates for mass transit, and his statistical methods have been applied to labour- force participation, health care, housing, and the environment.
McGill University Privately endowed but state-supported university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was founded in 1821 through a gift left by the Scottish-born Canadian merchant James McGill (1744-1813). It is internationally known for its work in chemistry, medicine, and biology. In addition, it has faculties of agricultural and environmental sciences, arts, dentistry, education, engineering, law, management, music, religious studies, and science. The language of instruction is English, though stu¬ dents may write examinations in French.