McGillivray Vmo-'gil-s-.vraV Alexander (b. c. 1759 —d. Feb. 17, 1793, Pensacola, Fla.) Principal chief of the Creek Indians in the years following the American Revolution. Of French and Creek descent, he was tutored by whites in Charleston, S.C., before being made a Creek chief. Distrustful of American land speculators, he signed a treaty (1784) with the Spanish in Florida putting the Creek under Spain’s protection. After repeated U.S. entreaties, he agreed to American sovereignty over Creek lands as long as the Creek could remain there free of American encroach¬ ments.
McGovern, George S(tanley) (b. July 19, 1922, Avon, S.D., U.S.) U.S. politician. After earning a doctorate in history at Northwestern Uni¬ versity, he taught at Dakota Wesleyan University in South Dakota. Active in Democratic politics from 1948, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1957-61) and the U.S. Senate (1963-81), where he held important hearings on hunger in the U.S. He was a leading critic of the U.S. role in the Vietnam War. In 1972 he won the Democratic presiden¬ tial nomination but lost the general election to Pres. Richard Nixon by a large margin. He was reelected to the Senate in 1974 but lost his seat in 1980. He returned to to teaching, lecturing, and writing and remained a prominent spokesman for liberal causes.
McGraw, John (Joseph) (b. April 7, 1873, Truxton, N.Y., U.S.—d. Feb. 25, 1934, New Rochelle, N.Y.)
U.S. baseball player and manager.
McGraw was a star infielder for the Baltimore National League team in the 1890s. His batting average of .391 in 1899 remains the highest ever for a third baseman. As manager of the New York Giants (1902-32), he led the team to 10 National League championships and 3 World Series titles (1905, 1921, 1922). For his shrewdness and veneer of harsh¬ ness, he acquired the nickname “Little Napoleon.”
McGuffey, William Holmes
(b. Sept. 23, 1800, Pennsylvania,
U.S.—d. May 4, 1873, Charlottes¬ ville, Va.) U.S. educator remembered chiefly for his series of elementary readers. McGuffey taught in the Ohio frontier schools and then at Miami University (1826-36). His elementary school series, starting with The Eclectic First Reader, was published between 1836 and 1857. Collections of didactic tales, apho¬ risms, and excerpts from great books, the readers reflect McGuffey’s view that the proper education of young people required their introduction to a wide variety of topics and practical matters. They became standard texts in nearly all states for the next 50 years and sold more than 125 million copies. In these years McGuffey also served as president of Cincinnati College (1836—39) and of Ohio University, Athens (1839^13). He was a founder of the common school system of Ohio. In 1845 he was elected to the chair of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, a position he held until his death.
McGwire, Mark (David) (b. Oct. 1, 1963, Pomona, Calif., U.S.) U.S. baseball player. McGwire played first base in college, then joined the Oakland Athletics in 1987 and quickly displayed the strength that would become his trademark. His 49 home runs hit during his first season in the majors set a record, and he was named the American League’s Rookie of the Year. In 1989 his .343 postseason batting average guided Oakland to the World Series championship. Injuries plagued him in 1993-95. Traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1997, he hit 58 homers. In 1998 he topped Roger Maris’s 37-year-old season record of 61 home runs. He and Sammy Sosa thrilled fans with their home-run competition, and McGwire achieved the new record with 70; the record was broken in 2001 by Barry Bonds (73). In 1999 McGwire hit 65 home runs. Following the 2001 sea¬ son he retired from professional play.
McHugh, Jimmy orig. James Francis McHugh (b. July 10,1894, Boston, Mass., U.S.—d. May 23, 1969, Beverly Hills, Calif.) U.S. song composer. McHugh became a Tin Pan Alley song plugger and began writ¬ ing songs for Broadway and Cotton Club revues. His extensive work for Broadway and Hollywood included collaborations with Frank Loesser, Johnny Mercer, and especially Dorothy Fields, with whom he wrote “I Can’t Give You Anything but Love” and “On the Sunny Side of the Street.”
McKay, Claude (b. Sept. 15, 1890, Jamaica, British West Indies—d. May 22, 1948, Chicago, Ill., U.S.) Jamaican-born U.S. poet and novelist. He published two volumes of Jamaican dialect verse before moving to the U.S. in 1912. With the publication of the poetry volumes Spring in New Hampshire (1920) and Harlem Shadows (1922), he emerged as the first and most militant voice of the Harlem Renaissance. An advocate of civil rights and racial solidarity, in his writings he searched among the common people for a distinctive black identity. His Home to Harlem (1928) was the most popular novel by an American black to that time. He lived abroad in various countries from 1922 to 1934.
McKellen, Sir Ian (Murray) (b. May 25, 1939, Burnley, Lanca¬ shire, Eng.) British actor. Educated at Cambridge University, he made his professional stage debut in 1961 and won acclaim as Richard II and Edward II at the Edinburgh Festival in 1969. He cofounded the Actors’ Co. in 1971 but left in 1974 to join the Royal Shakespeare Co. A versa¬ tile and passionate actor, he has played in a repertory ranging from Eliza¬ bethan to contemporary. In 1981 he won a Tony Award for Amadeus. His films include Plenty (1985), Scandal (1988), Richard III (1995), and Gods and Monsters (1998), and in 2001 he played the wizard Gandalf in the film version of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings. He has been a vocal supporter of gay rights since 1988. He was knighted in 1991.
McKim, Charles Follen (b. Aug. 24, 1847, Chester County, Pa., U.S.—d. Sept. 14, 1909, St. James, Long Island, N.Y.) U.S. architect. He was educated at Harvard University and in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts. In 1879 he joined William Rutherford Mead and Stanford White to found McKim, Mead & White, the most successful U.S. architectural firm of its time. Until 1887 the firm excelled at Shingle style residences. In later years it championed the formal Renaissance tradition and its Classical antecedents, helping to inspire a Neoclassical revival. Among the widely admired examples of McKim’s formal planning are the Boston Public Library (1887), the Columbia University Library (1893), the building program of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893, with Daniel H. Burnham and Richard Morris Hunt), and in New York City the Morgan Library (1903) and the magnificent Pennsylvania Railway Sta¬ tion (1904-10; demolished 1963).
McKinley, Mount Athabascan Denali \do-'na-le\ Highest mountain in North America. Located near the centre of the Alaska Range in south- central Alaska, U.S., and in Denali National Park, it rises to 20,320 ft (6,194 m). The northern peak was first scaled in 1910, and in 1913 Hud¬ son Stuck and Harry Karstens ascended the southern peak, the true sum¬ mit. It was named Densmores Peak in 1889 after a prospector but was renamed in 1896 in honour of Pres. William McKinley.
McKinley, William (b. Jan. 29, 1843, Niles, Ohio, U.S.—d. Sept. 14, 1901, Buffalo, N.Y.) 25th president of the U.S. (1897-1901). He served in the American Civil War as an aide to Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, who later encouraged his political career. He served in the U.S. House of Repre¬ sentatives (1877-91), where he favoured protective tariffs; he was the principal sponsor of the McKinley Tariff of 1890. With the support of Mark Hanna, he won two terms as governor of Ohio (1892-96). As the Republican presidential candidate in 1896 he decisively defeated Demo-
John McGraw, 1910.
THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE
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crat William Jennings Bryan. In 1897 he signed the Dingley Tariff, the highest protective tariff in American history to that time. In 1898 the USS Maine exploded and sank in the har¬ bour of Havana, Cuba, then a colony of Spain; believing the Spanish responsible, McKinley demanded independence for the island, which Spain refused. The U.S. easily won the brief Spanish-American War.