Milon Vmi- I lan\ of Croton or Milo of Croton (fl. late 6th century bc) Ancient Greek athlete. The most renowned wrestler of antiquity, he won numerous Olympic and Pythian games. His name has long been syn¬ onymous with extraordinary strength, and he is said to have carried an ox on his shoulders across the Olympic stadium.
Milosevic \mi-'lo-s3-,vich\, Slobodan (b. Aug. 29, 1941, Pozarevac, Serbia, Yugos.—found dead March 11, 2006, The Hague, Neth.) Serbian nationalist politician and president of Serbia (1989-97). He joined the Communist Party at age 18 and later became head of the state-owned gas company and president of a major Belgrade bank. Advised by his wife, a communist ideologue, he became head of the Communist Party in Bel¬ grade (1984) and later in Serbia (1987). He replaced party leaders with his supporters, and in 1989 the Serbian assembly named him president of the republic. He maintained his power by repression and control of the mass media. He abrogated the constitutional autonomy of the Albanian province of Kosovo in 1989, which contributed to the secessionist move¬ ments in Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia and the breakup of Yugosla¬ via in 1991. He then supported Serbian militias fighting Muslims in Bosnia and Croatia (see Bosnian conflict) but later signed a peace agree¬ ment (1995) on behalf of the Bosnian Serbs. In 1999, after pro¬ independence insurgents began killing Serbian police and politicians, he retaliated with ruthless attacks on the province (see Kosovo conflict). NATO responded with a massive bombing campaign of Serbian targets. The subsequent ethnic cleansing of the province by troops under Milosevic’s command drove hundreds of thousands of Albanian Koso¬ vars to other countries as refugees and earned him worldwide loathing as a war criminal. In 2000 he was defeated in national elections. The fol¬ lowing year he was arrested and extradited to The Netherlands to stand trial for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The trial began in February 2002 but was frequently delayed because of Milosevic’s poor health. On March 11, 2006, he was found dead in his prison cell.
Milosz Vme-loshN, Czeslaw (b. June 30, 1911, Sateiniai, Lith., Rus¬ sian Empire—d. Aug. 14, 2004, Krakow, Pol.) Polish-U.S. author, trans¬ lator, and critic. Milosz was a socialist by the time he published his first book of verse at age 21. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, he was active in the resistance. After serving briefly as a diplomat for commu¬ nist Poland, he immigrated to the U.S., where he taught for decades at the University of California at Berkeley; he became a naturalized U.S. citi¬ zen in 1970. His poetry, including such collections as Bells in Winter (1978), is noted for its classical style and preoccupation with philosophi¬ cal and political issues. His well-known essay collection The Captive Mind (1953) condemned the accommodation of many Polish intellectu¬ als to communism. U.S. critic Helen Vendler wrote that Milosz’s Trea¬ tise on Poetry (1957) seemed to her “the most comprehensive and moving poem” of the latter half of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1980.
Milstein Vmil-.stln, 'mil-.stenV Cesar (b. Oct. 8, 1927, Bahia Blanca, Arg.—d. March 24, 2002, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.)
Argentinian-born British immunologist. In 1975 Milstein and Georges Kohler (1946-95) fused short-lived, highly specific lymphocytes with the cells of a myeloma, a type of tumour that can reproduce indefinitely. The hybrid cells, like lymphocytes, secreted antibody to a single antigen and, like myeloma cells, perpetuated themselves. This enabled production of large quantities of pure antibodies against single antigenic characteristics (monoclonal antibodies). Milstein, Kohler, and Niels K. Jeme (1911-94) shared the Nobel Prize in 1984.
Miltiades Vmil-'tl-o-.dezX the Younger (b. c. 554, Athens—d. prob¬ ably 489 bc, Athens) Athenian general. He was sent by Hippias to strengthen Athenian control of the sea routes from the Black Sea and made himself a petty tyrant there. He fought the Scythians with Darius I in 513 and supported the Persians until the Ionian revolt (499-494). When the revolt failed, he fled to Athens and led the Athenian army to victory at the Battle of Marathon (490). He was put on trial and fined the next year for a failed naval expedition meant to punish Paros for collaborating with Persia; he died in prison soon after from a gangrenous wound.
Milton, John (b. Dec. 9, 1608, London, Eng.—d. Nov. 8, 1674, Chal- font St. Giles, Buckinghamshire) English poet. A brilliant youth, Milton attended Cambridge University (1625-32), where he wrote poems in Latin, Italian, and English; these included “L’Allegro” and “II Penseroso”, both published later in Poems (1645). During 1632-38 he engaged in pri¬ vate study—writing the masque Comus (1637) and the extraordinary elegy “Lycidas” (1638)—and toured Italy. Concerned with the Puritan cause in England, he spent much of 1641-60 pamphleteering for civil and religious liberty and serving in Oliver Cromwell’s government. His best- known prose is in the pamphlets Areopagitica (1644), on freedom of the press, and Of Education (1644). He lost his sight c. 1651, and thereafter dictated his works. His disastrous first marriage ended with his wife’s death in 1652; two later marriages were more successful. After the Res¬ toration he was arrested as a noted defender of the Commonwealth but was soon released. In Paradise Lost (1667), his epic masterpiece on the Fall of Man written in blank verse, he uses his sublime “grand style” with superb power; his characterization of Satan is a supreme achievement. He further expressed his purified faith in God and the regenerative strength of the individual soul in Paradise Regained (1671), an epic in which Christ overcomes Satan the tempter, and Samson Agonistes (1671), a tragedy in which the Old Testament figure conquers self-pity and despair to become God’s champion. Considered second only to William Shakes¬ peare in the history of English-language poetry, Milton had an immense influence on later literature; though attacked early in the 20th century, he had regained his place in the Western canon by mid century.
Milwaukee City (pop., 2000: 596,974) and lake port, southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. The state’s largest city, it is situated on Lake Michigan. Visited by French missionaries and fur traders in the 17th century, it was called Mahn-a-waukee Seepe (“Gathering Place by the River”) by local Indians. Although settled in 1800, the town did not develop until the Indi¬ ans relinquished their claims in 1831-33. Milwaukee was formed in 1839 and incorporated in 1846. It was a centre of German immigration until c. 1900. It is a major Great Lakes port, shipping especially grain; it also pro¬ duces electrical machinery. It has several educational institutions, includ¬ ing Marquette University and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Milyukov \m y il-yu-'k6f\, Pavel (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 27, 1859, Moscow, Russia—d. March 3, 1943, Aix-les-Bains, France) Russian poli-
A.A. Milne, pen and ink drawing by P. Evans, c. 1930; in the National Portrait Gallery, London
COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY,
LONDON
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Mimamsa ► Minas Basin I 1261
tician and historian. He taught history at Moscow University until 1895 and wrote the acclaimed Outlines of Russian Culture (3 vol., 1896-1903). A liberal who admired the political values of democratic countries, he cofounded the progressive Constitutional Democratic Party in 1905 and led the party in the Duma (1907-17). In 1917 he helped form the provisional government under Prince Georgy Y. Lvov and served briefly as minister of foreign affairs. He tried to form a moderate coalition against the Bol¬ sheviks but was forced to leave Russia and eventually settled in Paris.
Mimamsa \me-'mam-sa\ Probably the earliest of the six orthodox sys¬ tems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. Mimamsa is fundamental to Vedanta and has deeply influenced Hindu law. Its aim is to give rules for the interpretation of the Vedas and to provide a philosophical justification for the observance of Vedic ritual. The earliest work of the system, the Mimamsa-sutra of Jaimini (c. 4th century bc), was followed by the writ¬ ings of a long line of interpreters and teachers, notably Kumarila Bhatta and Prabhakara Mishra (8th century). Kumarila is credited with using Mimamsa to defeat Buddhism in India; Prabhakara was a realist who believed that sense perceptions were true.