Mogadishu X.mo-go-'de-shuV City (pop., 1999 est.: metro, area, 1,162,000), capital of Somalia, located north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean. Founded in the 10th century by Arab settlers, it carried on trade with the Arab states and later with the Portuguese. It fell under control of the sultan of Zanzibar in 1871. Italy leased the port in 1892 and pur¬ chased it in 1905. Subsequently the capital of Italian Somaliland and of the Somalia trust territory, it became the capital of independent Somalia in 1960. Civil war, beginning in the 1980s, caused widespread destruc¬ tion in the city.
Mogilyov See Mahilyow
Mogollon X.mo-go-'yonX culture Complex of North American Indians who lived in what is now southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, U.S., c. 200 bc-ad 1200. The first pottery in the Southwest was made by the Mogollon; its high quality from the beginning suggests that the craft may have been imported from Mexico. The early economy was based on gathering wild plant foods and hunting small game. Corn cul¬ tivation emerged c. ad 500. At this time houses also became more elabo¬ rate, being constructed of stone masonry. In the final, or Mimbres, period (1050-1200), new patterns of house design (multilevel pueblos centred on a plaza) and pottery (crisp black-on-white designs of animals or geomet¬ ric lines) emerged, suggesting contact with the Anasazi peoples to the north. For unknown reasons, Mogollon culture came to an end in the 13th century.
Mogul dynasty See Mughal dynasty
Mohammed, Warith Deen orig. Wallace D. Muhammad (b.
Oct. 30, 1933, Detroit, Mich., U.S.) U.S. religious leader. The son of Eli¬ jah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed assumed leader¬ ship of the organization when his father died in 1975. He reformulated the Nation’s teachings, rejecting the beliefs that white people were “blue¬ eyed devils” and that Elijah Muhammad was a prophet, and moved the Nation toward orthodox Sunni Islam. In 1976 Mohammed renamed the organization the World Community of al-Islam in the West; the name was changed to the American Muslim Mission in 1978 and to the Muslim American Society in 1985. He also changed his own name to Warith Deen Mohammed. A minority led by Louis Farrakhan split from Mohammed in 1978 and reestablished the Nation of Islam according to the precepts of Elijah Muhammad. In 2000 Mohammed and Farrakhan recognized each other as fellow Muslims. See also Islam.
Mohave See Mojave
Mohawk North American Indian people, the easternmost group of the Iroquois Confederacy, living in Canada and the U.S. Their language is a member of the Iroquoian language family. Their name for themselves is Kahniakehake, which means “People of the Flint” and within the con¬ federacy they were considered to be the “Keepers of the Eastern Door.” The Mohawk lived near what is now Schenectady, N.Y. They were semi sedentary; women practiced com agriculture, while men hunted dur¬ ing the fall and winter and fished during the summer. Related families lived together in longhouses. Most Mohawk sided with the British in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, in the latter under Joseph Brant. They number more than 35,000 and have a wide reputation as structural ironworkers; many have been hired in the building of major bridges.
Mohawk River River, east-central New York, U.S. The Hudson Riv¬ er’s largest tributary, it flows 148 mi (238 km) south and east to join the Hudson at Waterford, north of Troy. The Mohawk Valley (Mohawk Trail) was the historic route of westbound pioneers through the Appalachian Mountains into the Great Lakes region. The Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy lived in the valley, which was a major battleground during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution.
Mohegan \mo-'he-g9n\ ALGONQUiAN-speaking North American Indian people who once inhabited the area of southeastern Connecticut, U.S. They later seized land in Massachusetts and Rhode Island from other tribes. Their economy was based on corn cultivation, hunting, and fish¬ ing. In the 17th century the Mohegan and the Pequot tribes were ruled
jointly by a Pequot chief, but a rebellion led to Mohegan independence and the destruction of the Pequot. Having made an alliance with the English, the Mohegan were the only important tribe remaining in south¬ ern New England after King Philip's War (1675-76). Today there is a rem¬ nant (approx. 1,000) near Norwich, Conn.
Mohenjo Daro Ancient city on the bank of the Indus River, in present- day southern Pakistan. At about 3 mi (5 km) in circuit, it was the largest city of the Indus civilization in the 3rd-2nd millennium bc, and it probably served as the capital of an extensive state. It was fortified, and its citadel contained, according to archaeological finds, an elaborate bath, a granary, and two halls of assembly.
Mohican \mo-'he-kon\ or Mahican Xmo-'he-ksnV North American Indian people living mostly in northeastern Wisconsin, U.S. Their origi¬ nal territory was the upper Hudson River valley above the Catskill Moun¬ tains. Their name for themselves is Muh-he-con-neok, meaning “The People of the Waters That Are Never Still.” The Mahican consisted of five major divisions governed by hereditary sachems (chiefs) assisted by elected counselors. They lived in strongholds of 20-30 houses situated on hills or in woodlands. In 1664 they were forced by the Mohawk to move to what is now Stockbridge, Mass., where they became known as the Stockbridge Indians. Later they moved to Wisconsin. Some 1,200 people claimed sole Mohican descent in the 2000 U.S. census. James Fenimore Cooper drew a romanticized portrait of the declining Mohican in The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
Mohism See Mozi
Moho \'mo- 1 ho\ or Mohorovicic N.mo-ha-'ro-vo-.chichX discontinu¬ ity Boundary between the Earth’s crust and its mantle. The Moho lies at a depth of about 22 mi (35 km) below continents and about 4.5 mi (7 km) beneath the oceanic crust. Modem instruments have determined that the velocity of seismic waves increases rapidly at this boundary. The Moho was named for Andrija Mohorovicic.
Moholy-Nagy Vmo-hoi-'nadA, Laszlo (b. July 20,1895, Bacsbarsod, Hung.—-d. Nov. 24, 1946, Chicago, Ill., U.S.) Hungarian painter, photog¬ rapher, and art teacher. After studying law in Budapest, he went to Berlin in 1919, and in 1923 he took charge of the metal workshop of the Bau- haus as well as the Bauhausbook series of publications. As a painter and photographer he worked predominantly with light. His “photograms” were composed directly on film, and his “light modulators” (oil paintings on transparent or polished surfaces) included mobile light effects. As an educator, he developed a widely accepted curriculum to develop students’ natural visual gifts instead of specialized skills. Fleeing Nazi Germany in 1935, he went to London and then to Chicago, where he organized and headed the New Bauhaus.
Mohorovicic, Andrija (b. Jan. 23, 1857, Volosko, Croatia, Austrian Empire—d. Dec. 18, 1936, Zagreb, Yugos.) Croatian meteorologist and geophysicist who discovered the boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle, later named the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or Moho. A pro¬ fessor at the Main Technical School in Zagreb, he was also director of its meteorologic observatory from 1892. From observations of seismic waves, he deduced that the solid Earth consists of an outer and inner layer and that between them lies a distinct boundary. He also devised a technique for locating earthquake epicentres and calculated the travel time of seis¬ mic waves. He was an early advocate of earthquake-resistant construc¬ tion.
Mohs \'moz\ hardness Rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised by German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1812. Minerals are ranked in comparison with the Mohs scale, which is made up of 10 minerals that have been given arbitrary hardness values on a scale from 1 (least hard, or talc) to 10 (hardest, or diamond). See table on following page.