mouth organ See harmonica
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation See artificial respiration
Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus)
EARL KUBIS-ROOT RESOURCES
Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura)
ALVIN E. STAFFAN-THE NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY COLLECTION/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
House mouse (Mus musculus).
INGMAR HOLMASEN
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1304 I movie ► Mozi
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Moyle District (pop., 2001: 15,933), Northern Ireland. It stretches along the northern coast of Ireland and includes Rathlin Island and part of the Antrim Mountains. A cave on Rathlin Island is said to have been the hid¬ ing place of Robert I in 1306. Ballycastle is Moyle’s administrative seat. The Giant’s Causeway, along the coastal cliffs, and five of the nine Glens of Antrim are in Moyle.
Moynihan, Berkeley George Andrew later Baron Moyni- han (of Leeds) (b. Oct. 2, 1865, Malta—d. Sept. 7, 1936, Carr Manor, Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng.) British surgeon and teacher of medicine. He wrote or cowrote authoritative monographs on surgery to treat diseases of vari¬ ous abdominal organs, as well as Abdominal Operations (1905), a stan¬ dard text for two decades, and Duodenal Ulcer (1910), which secured his reputation as a clinical scientist. He stressed obtaining medical evidence from living bodies on the operating table rather than from autopsies. He helped found the British Journal of Surgery (1913) and organizations to promote nationwide and international communication among surgeons and specialists. He was raised to the peerage in 1929.
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (b. March 16, 1927, Tulsa, Okla., U.S.—d. March 26, 2003, Washington, D.C.) U.S. scholar and politician. He grew up in poverty in New York City. After serving in the U.S. navy in World War II, he attended Tufts University, where he earned a doctor¬ ate in 1961. From 1961 to 1965 he worked at the U.S. Labor Department, where he cowrote a controversial report that attributed the educational problems of African Americans to the instability of urban African Ameri¬ can families. He taught at Harvard (1966-77) and held advisory posts in the administration of Richard Nixon. He was ambassador to India (1973— 75) and U.S. representative to the UN (1975-76). He ran successfully for the U.S. Senate from New York in 1976; though he was a Democrat, his candidacy was opposed by many Democratic liberals. Reelected three times, he retired in 2001. In 2000 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Mozambique \,mo-zam-'bek\ officially Republic of Mozam¬ bique formerly Portuguese East Africa Country, southeast coast of Africa. Area: 313,661 sq mi (812,379 sq km). Population (2005 est.):
19,407,000. Capitaclass="underline" Maputo. The great majority of the people are Bantu-speaking Africans. Ethnolinguistic groups include the Makua, Tsonga, Malawi, Shona, and Yao peoples. Languages: Portuguese (offi¬ cial), Bantu, Swahili. Religions: traditional beliefs, Christianity, Islam. Currency: metical. Mozambique may be divided into two broad regions: the lowlands in the south and the highlands in the north, separated by the
Zambezi River. It has a centrally planned, developing economy based on agriculture, international trade, and light industry. Some industries were nationalized after 1975. Mozambique is a republic with one legislature; its head of state and government is the president. Inhabited in prehistoric times, it was settled by Bantu peoples c. the 3rd century ad. Arab traders occupied the coastal region from the 14th century, and the Portuguese controlled the area from the early 16th century. The slave trade later became an important part of the economy and, although outlawed in the mid-18th century, continued illegally. In the late 19th century, private trading companies began to administer parts of the inland areas. It became an overseas province of Portugal in 1951. An independence movement became active in the 1960s, and, after years of war, Mozambique was granted independence in 1975. A single-party state under Frelimo (the Mozambique Liberation Front), it was wracked by civil war in the 1970s and ’80s. In 1990 a new constitution ended its Marxist collectivism and introduced privatization, a market economy, and multiparty government. A peace treaty was signed with the rebels in 1992.
Mozambique Channel Strait, western Indian Ocean. Located between Madagascar and Mozambique, it is about 950 mi (1,530 km) long, 250-625 mi (400-1,000 km) wide, and has a maximum depth of 10,000 ft (3,000 m). An important shipping route for eastern Africa, it receives all major Madagascar rivers and fronts the ports of Mahajanga and Toliara in Madagascar. Along the Mozambican coast are the mouth of the Zambezi River and the ports of Maputo and Beira.
Mozarabic \mo-'zar-3-bik\ art Architecture and religious arts of the Mozarabs, Christians who lived in the Iberian Peninsula after the Arab invasion of 711. Exposure of the conquered Christians to Islamic culture and art forms proved influential, and their art became a synthesis of the two traditions. The subject matter is Christian, but the style shows the assimilation of Islamic decorative motifs and forms. Islamic influence is seen especially in Mozarabic architecture, with its horseshoe-shaped arches and ribbed domes. Through the emigration of Mozarabs, Islamic influence in the arts spread northward into the rest of Europe.
Mozart Vmot-.sartV Wolfgang Amadeus orig. Johannes Chry- sostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart (b. Jan. 27, 1756, Salzburg, Archbishopric of Salzburg—d. Dec. 5, 1791, Vienna) Austrian composer. Son of the violinist and composer Leopold Mozart (1719-87), he was born the year of the publication of Leopold’s best-selling treatise on violin playing. He and his older sister, Maria Anna (1751-1829), were prodigies; at age five he began to compose and gave his first public per¬ formance. From 1762 Leopold toured throughout Europe with his chil¬ dren, showing off the “miracle that God allowed to be born in Salzburg.” The first round of touring (1762-69) took them as far as France and England, where Wolfgang met Johann Christian Bach and wrote his first symphonies (1764). Tours of Italy followed (1769-74); there he first saw the string quartets of Joseph Haydn and wrote his own first Italian opera. In 1775-77 he composed his violin concertos and his first piano sonatas. His mother died in 1779. He returned to Salzburg as cathedral organist and in 1781 wrote his opera seria Idomeneo. Chafing under the archbish¬ op’s rule, he was released from his position in 1781; he moved in with his friends the Weber family and began his independent career in Vienna. He married Constanze Weber, gave piano lessons, and wrote The Abduc¬ tion from the Seraglio (1782) and many of his great piano concertos. The later 1780s were the height of his success, with the string quartets dedi¬ cated to Haydn (who called Mozart the greatest living composer), the three great operas on Lorenzo Da Ponte’s librettos— The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Cost fan tutte (1790)—and his superb late symphonies. In his last year he composed the opera The Magic Flute and his great Requiem (left unfinished). Despite his success, he always lacked money (possibly because of gambling debts and a fond¬ ness for fine clothes) and had to borrow heavily from friends. His death at age 35 may have resulted from a kidney infection. No other composer left such an extraordinary legacy in so short a lifetime.
Mozi or Mo-tzu Ymo-'dzM (b. 470?, China—d. 391? bc, China) Chi¬ nese philosopher. Originally a follower of Confucius, Mozi evolved a doctrine of universal love that gave rise to a religious movement called Mohism. Like Confucius, he spent much of his life traveling from one feudal state to another in search of a prince who would allow him to put his teachings into practice. The Mozi, the principal Mohist work, con¬ demned offensive war and urged people to lead a simple life harmful to none. Mohism won a considerable body of followers, but it died out after the 2nd century bc.