which became synonymous with appeasement, was abrogated when Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia the next year.
Munich Putsch See Beer Hall Putsch
Munoz Marin ymim-'yos-mo-'renV Luis (b. Feb. 18, 1898, San Juan, PR.—d. April 30, 1980, San Juan) Statesman and four-term governor of Puerto Rico (1948-64). Educated in the U.S., he became editor of the newspaper La Democracia and was elected to the Puerto Rican senate in 1932. Early in his career he advocated independence from the U.S., but later he worked closely with the U.S.-appointed governor to improve conditions in Puerto Rico. He achieved success with Operation Bootstrap, a program for rapid economic growth. When Puerto Rico received the right to elect its own governor in 1948, he was overwhelmingly elected and repeatedly reelected. He achieved his goal of making Puerto Rico a commonwealth.
Munoz Rivera Vmun-yos-re-'ver-aV Luis (b. July 17, 1859, Barran- quitas, PR.—d. Nov. 15, 1916, Santurce) Puerto Rican statesman, pub¬ lisher, and patriot. In 1889 he founded the newspaper La Democracia, which crusaded for Puerto Rican self-government. He was instrumental in obtaining Puerto Rico’s charter of home rule from Spain in 1897. He was president of the first autonomist cabinet, but he resigned after Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. His son Luis Munoz Marin was governor of Puerto Rico.
Munro Xmon-'roV Alice orig. Alice Anne Laidlaw (b. July 10, 1931, Wingham, Ont., Can.) Canadian writer. She is known for exquis¬ itely drawn short stories, usually set in rural Ontario and peopled by char¬ acters of Scotch-Irish stock. Her collections Dance of the Happy Shades (1968), Who Do You Think You Are ? (1978), and The Progress of Love (1986) won the Governor General’s Award for Fiction. Her other collec¬ tions include Something I’ve Been Meaning to Tell You (1974), The Moons of Jupiter (1982), Friend of My Youth (1986), Open Secrets (1994), The Love of a Good Woman (1998), and Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001).
Munsey, Frank Andrew (b. Aug. 21, 1854, Mercer, Maine, U.S.—d. Dec. 22, 1925, New York City, N.Y.) U.S. newspaper and magazine pub¬ lisher. He managed a telegraph office before moving to New York City, where he founded Golden Argosy (1882), later renamed Argosy Maga¬ zine ; and Munsey’s Magazine (1889), the first inexpensive, general- circulation, illustrated magazine in the U.S. He acquired several newspapers in Baltimore and New York, some of which disappeared in profitable mergers. He viewed his publications purely as moneymaking enterprises and maintained colourless editorial policies. He left most of his large fortune to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
Munster Vmuin-stoA City (pop., 2002 est.: 267,197), western Germany. Founded in 804 as a bishopric, it was named Munster in 1068 and was chartered in 1137. A member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th cen¬ tury, it was seized by the Anabaptists in 1535. The Peace of Westphalia was signed in Munster in 1648, and in 1815 Munster became the capital of Prussian Westphalia. Although it suffered heavy damage in World War II, most of its historic buildings were restored or rebuilt, including the 13th-century cathedral and 14th-century town hall. It is a centre of West¬ phalian culture.
Munster Province (pop., 2002 pre¬ lim.: 1,101,266), southern Ireland. It has an area of 9,315 sq mi (24,127 sq km). The region was ruled by a southern clan, which gradually extended its power over Munster by c. ad 400. In the 10th century Vikings invaded and eventually settled in Waterford and Limerick. After the 12th-century Anglo- Norman invasion, it was ruled by the feudal families of Fitzgerald and Butler. It now comprises the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tip¬ perary (North Riding and South Riding), and Waterford.
muntjac Vmont-JakV or barking deer Any of about seven species of solitary, nocturnal deer, native to
Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)
KENNETH W. FINK-ROOT RESOURCES
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Miintzer ► Murdoch I 1311
Asia and introduced into England and France, that constitute the genus Muntiacus (family Cervidae). Named for their cry, most species stand 15-25 in. (40-65 cm) high, weigh 33-77 lbs (15-35 kg), and are gray¬ ish, reddish, or brown. Males have tusklike upper canine teeth and short one-branched antlers. Bony ridges extend from the antler base onto the face. The giant muntjac (88-110 lbs, or 40-50 kg) was discovered in northern Vietnam in 1993-94. Fea’s muntjac (. M.feae ), of Myanmar and Thailand, is endangered, and other muntjac species are threatened.
Miintzer VmiEnt-sorX, Thomas or Thomas Munzer (b. sometime before 1490, Stolberg, Thuringia—d. May 27, 1525, Miihlhausen) Ger¬ man religious reformer. A student of theology and an associate of Martin Luther, he served as a pastor until his socialism and mystical doctrines led to his removal. His belief in the inner light of the Holy Spirit as opposed to the authority of the Bible alienated the Lutherans. He preached widely, championing the common people, and in 1525 he organized the working classes of Miihlhausen. He led the Peasants' Revolt in Thuringia in 1524- 25; after the defeat of his forces, he was tortured, tried, and executed.
muqarnas See stalactite work
Muqi Fachang or Mu-hsi Fa-ch'ang (fl. 13th century, Sichuan province, China) Chinese Chan (Japanese: Zen) Buddhist painter. Toward the end of the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), Muqi fled to a mon¬ astery near Hangzhou. He painted a variety of subjects—including land¬ scapes, flowers, still lifes, and more orthodox iconographic subjects. The most famous paintings associated with Muqi include Six Persimmons and a triptych with a white-robed Guanyin flanked on either side by a scroll of monkeys and a crane. The paintings vary in style and subject matter, but there is throughout a sense of immediate vision and a totally respon¬ sive hand, expressed with broad and evocative washes of ink. His paint¬ ings on Chan themes stimulated many copies in Japan.
Murabitun, al- See Almoravid dynasty
Murad, Ferid (b. Sept. 14, 1936, Whiting, Ind., U.S.) U.S. pharma¬ cologist. He received his M.D. and Ph.D. from Western Reserve Univer¬ sity (later Case Western Reserve University). Murad showed that nitroglycerin and related heart drugs induce the formation of nitric oxide, a gas that increases the diameter of blood vessels. Along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, he was awarded a 1998 Nobel Prize for the discovery that nitric oxide acts as a signaling molecule in the cardio¬ vascular system. Their combined work uncovered an entirely new mecha¬ nism for how blood vessels relax and widen. This discovery led to the development of the drug Viagra, which is used to treat erectile dysfunc¬ tion.
mural Painting applied to and made integral with the surface of a wall or ceiling. Its roots can be found in the universal desire that led prehis¬ toric peoples to create cave paintings—the desire to decorate their sur¬ roundings and express their ideas and beliefs. The Romans produced large numbers of murals in Pompeii and Ostia, but mural painting (not syn¬ onymous with fresco) reached its highest degree of creative achievement in Europe with the work of such Renaissance masters as Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. In the 20th cen¬ tury, the mural was embraced by artists of the Cubist and Fauve move¬ ments in Paris, revolutionary painters in Mexico (e.g., Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros), and Depression-era artists under the sponsorship of the U.S. government (e.g., Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton).
Murasaki Shikibu \mu-Va-sa-ke-'she-ke-bu\ (b. c. 978, Kyoto, Japan) Japanese writer. Her real name is unknown, and the primary source of knowledge about her life is a diary she kept (1007-10). Her Tale ofGenji (completed c. 1010) is a long and complex tale, concerned mostly with the loves of Prince Genji and the women in his life. Supremely sensitive to human emotions and the beauties of nature, it provides delightful glimpses of life at the court of the empress Joto mon’in, whom Murasaki served. It is generally considered the greatest work of Japanese literature and perhaps the world’s first novel.