Newar \'na-'war\ People living in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. They make up about half the population of the valley. Most are Hindu, but some practice an Indian form of Buddhism. The Newar have a wide range of
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Newark ► Newman I 1355
occupations; they have traditionally been noted as architects and artisans, the builders of the famous temples and shrines of Kathmandu. Painting and sculpture flourished among them in the 1 Oth— 16th centuries. The Newar population of Nepal is estimated to be about 540,000.
Newark Vnu-orkA City (pop., 2000: 273,546) and port of entry, north¬ eastern New Jersey, U.S., west of New York City. It was founded in 1666 by Puritans and was chartered as a township in 1693. It was the site of the College of New Jersey (1748-56; now Princeton University). In 1776 the city served as a supply base for Gen. George Washington. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. The largest city in the state, it was the scene of major civil disturbances in 1967. It is a highly diversified indus¬ trial, transportation, and insurance centre. It was the birthplace of Aaron Burr and Stephen Crane.
Newbery, John (b. 1713, Waltham St. Lawrence, Berkshire, Eng.—d. Dec. 22, 1767, London) English publisher. In 1744 he set up a bookshop and publishing house in London, and it became one of the first to pub¬ lish children’s books, including A Little Pretty Pocket-Book and Little Goody Two-Shoes. In 1781 his firm published the first collection of nurs¬ ery rhymes associated with Mother Goose. He is commemorated by the Newbery Medal, awarded annually since 1922 by the American Library Association for the most distinguished contribution to children’s litera¬ ture in the U.S. It is presented along with the Caldecott Medal (see Ran¬ dolph Caldecott), awarded for the best children’s picture book.
Newcastle (-under-Lyme), Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of (b. July 21, 1693—d. Nov. 17, 1768, London, Eng.) British politician. He inherited lands from his father and uncle that by 1714 made him one of the wealthiest Whig landowners in England. He helped bring about the succession of George I, for which he received the title of duke (1715). Chosen by Robert Walpole as secretary of state, he served from 1724 to 1754, then succeeded his brother Henry Pelham as prime minister (1754-56, 1757-62). Noted for his skill in distributing patronage to secure parliamentary support for a particular ministry, Newcastle wielded great political influence in the reigns of George I and George II.
Newcastle (-upon-Tyne), William Cavendish, 1 st duke of
(b. c. 1593—d. Dec. 25, 1676, Welbeck, Nottinghamshire, Eng.) British Royalist commander in the English Civil Wars. Through inheritances and royal favour, he became very wealthy. In 1642 he was given command of the four northern English counties and raised the siege of York (1642). After the Royalist defeat at the Battle of Marston Moor, he left England for France and Holland. He returned at the Restoration and regained his estates. A patron of poets and dramatists, he also wrote several comedies.
Newcastle upon Tyne or Newcastle City and metropolitan bor¬ ough (pop., 2001: 259,573), metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, his¬ toric county of Northumberland, northeastern England, on the River Tyne. It dates from the Roman period and derives its name from the Norman castle built in 1080 by Robert II of Normandy, the oldest son of William I (the Conqueror). At first an important wool trade centre, it became a major mining area and coal-shipping port in the 16th century. It was among the world’s largest ship-repairing facilities; its economy now rests on asso¬ ciated marine and heavy engineering industries. The city is also an edu¬ cational centre and features a 14th-century church.
Newcomen Vnii-ko-monV Thomas (b. Feb. 28, 1663, Dartmouth, Devon, Eng.—d. Aug. 5, 1729, London) British engineer. In 1712 he built his atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt’s engine. In the Newcomen engine, atmospheric pressure pushed the piston down after the condensation of steam had created a vacuum in the cylinder. New¬ comen engines were used for some years in the draining of mines and in raising water to power waterwheels.
Newell, Allen (b. March 19, 1927, San Francisco, Calif., U.S.—d. July 19, 1992, Pittsburgh, Pa.) U.S. cognitive scientist. He taught at Carnegie Mellon University from 1961 until his death. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he collaborated with Herbert Simon in constructing an influential model of human problem solving (Human Problem Solving, 1972). His later work was concerned with artificial intelligence, and he is known for his development of computer models of human cognition and the devel¬ opment of a unified theory of cognition (Unified Theories of Cognition, 1990). In 1992 he received the National Medal of Science.
Newfoundland Dog breed developed in Newfoundland, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs that Basque fishermen introduced into North America in the 17th century.
Noted for sea rescues, the gentle, patient Newfoundland stands 26-28 in. (66-71 cm) and weighs 110-150 lbs (50-68 kg). Powerful hindquarters, a large lung capacity, large webbed feet, and a heavy, oily coat enable it to swim in cold waters. It has also been used as a watchdog and draft animal. The typical Newfoundland is solid black; the Landseer New¬ foundland is usually black and white.
Newfoundland, Memorial University of See Memorial Univer¬ sity of Newfoundland
Newfoundland Vnii-fond-londV and Labrador Province (pop., 2001: 512,930), one of the four Atlantic provinces of Canada. Consisting of the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland, and bounded by Quebec, it extends into the North Atlantic Ocean and is the eastern¬ most part of North America. Its capital is St. John's. It was originally settled by Indians and Eskimos. Viking ruins from c. ad 1000 have been found in the northern part of the island. John Cabot claimed the island for England in 1497; the first colony was established at St. John’s in 1583. France and England disputed possession of the area, and though England retained control with the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, controversies over fish¬ ing rights continued through the 19th century. A province since 1949, it includes the Grand Banks fishing grounds. Fishing, mainly for cod, was virtually the only industry until the early 20th century, when western Labrador’s vast iron reserves began to be exploited.
Newhouse family Family that built a large publishing empire in the U.S. in the late 20th century. The family’s fortunes began with Samuel Irving Newhouse (1895-1979), who, as a clerk at age 17, made a failing newspaper in Bayonne, N.J., profitable. From the early 1920s he bought and turned around other papers; at his death his company, Advance Pub¬ lications Inc., owned 31 newspapers, 7 magazines, 5 radio stations, 6 tele¬ vision stations, and 15 cable television systems. Led by his sons Samuel I. Newhouse, Jr. (b. 1928), and Donald E. Newhouse (b. 1930), Advance Publications greatly expanded, buying several book publishers, including Random House (sold to Bertelsmann AG in 1998), and becoming one of the largest U.S. magazine publishers with titles such as The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Vogue, Glamour, Bride's, and Gourmet.
Newman, Arnold (Abner) (b. March 3,1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. photographer. He studied art at the University of Miami, then worked in the photography studio of a Miami department store. In 1946 he opened his own studio in New York City, where he specialized in portraits of well- known people posed in settings associated with their work. His “environ¬ mental portraiture” greatly influenced 20th-century portrait photography. His best-known portraits include those of Max Ernst, Alfred Stieglitz, Geor¬ gia O'Keeffe, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, and Jean Cocteau.