Pahari painting \po-'ha-re\ or Hill painting Style of miniature painting and book illustration that developed in the independent states of the Himalayan foothills in India c.
1690-1790. Combining the bold intensity of the Basohli school with the delicacy and lyricism of the Kangra school, Pahari painting is closely related to Rajasthani painting. It shares with the Rajput art of the north¬ ern Indian plains a preference for depicting legends of the cowherd god Krishna.
Pahlavi Vpa-b-.veV Mohammad Reza Shah (b. Oct. 26, 1919, Tehran, Iran—d. July 27, 1980, Cairo, Egypt) Shah of Iran (1941—79), noted for his pro-Western orientation and autocratic rule. After an edu¬ cation in Switzerland, he replaced his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, as ruler when the latter was forced into exile by the British. His rule was marked by a power struggle with his premier, Mohammad Mosaddeq, who briefly succeeded in deposing him in 1953; covert intervention by British and U.S. intelligence services returned him to the throne the next year. His program of rapid modernization and oil-field development initially brought him popular support, but his autocratic style and suppression of dissent, along with corruption and the unequal distribution of Iran’s new oil wealth, increased opposition led by exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In 1979 Pahlavi was forced into exile.
Pahlavi, Reza Shah (b. March 16, 1878, Alasht, Qajar Iran—d. July 26, 1944, Johannesburg, S.Af.) Shah of Iran (1926—41). An army officer, he rose through the ranks and in 1921 led a coup that overthrew the Qajar dynasty. He sought to bring order and end Iran’s political chaos and its domination by Britain and Soviet Russia following World War I (1914— 18). He constructed roads, schools, and hospitals, opened a university, and built the Trans-Iranian Railway. He emancipated women, nationalized several economic sectors, and reduced the clergy’s power. He often used repressive methods, which eventually cost him his popularity. During World War II (1939—45), fearing that Pahlavi might side with Germany, the U.S. and Britain occupied Iran. The Allies forced him to abdicate (1941) in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
Pai River See Bai River
Paige, Satchel orig. Leroy Robert Paige (b. July 7, 1906?, Mobile, Ala., U.S.—d. June 8, 1982, Kansas City, Mo.) U.S. baseball
Paganini, etching by Luigi Calamatta after a drawing by J.-A.-D. Ingres,
1818
THE GRANGER COliECTION, NEW YORK CITY
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Paijanne ► painted turtle I 1433
pitcher. Paige earned legendary fame during his many years pitching in the Negro leagues for a myriad of teams that included the Birmingham Black Barons, the Pittsburgh Crawfords, the Kansas City Monarchs, and the New York Black Yankees. He also barnstormed in exhibition games and played in the Caribbean during the off season. He was about 42 years old when he was finally allowed to enter the major leagues in 1948, shortly after Jackie Robinson broke baseball’s race barrier. Joining the Cleveland Indians—the oldest player to make his debut in the major leagues—he helped that team win the World Series in his first season.
He retired after the 1953 season. A right-handed, loose-jointed “bean¬ pole,” standing 6 ft 4 in. (1.93 m),
Paige had considerable pitching speed and a comprehensive mastery of slow-breaking deliveries. He is reputed to have won 2,000 of a total of 2,500 games pitched during his nearly 30-year career. Among Paige’s many oft-quoted comments is the admonition “Don’t look back, something might be gaining on you.”
Paijanne Vpa-,ya-ne\, Lake Lake, southern Finland. It is 75 mi (121 km) long and 14 mi (23 km) wide. The lake contains thousands of islands. The lake system is drained southward to the Gulf of Finland by the Kymi River. The irregular shoreline is heavily forested and supports important timber operations that use the lake for transport. There are numerous vil¬ lages along the lakeshore and many private villas at the southern end of the lake.
Paik Vpak, 'plk\, Nam June (b. July 20, 1932, Seoul, Korea) Korean- born U.S. sculptor and video and performance artist. He studied music at the Universities of Tokyo and Munich and came to the U.S. in 1964. Inspired by Joseph Beuys and John Cage, he joined the Fluxus group. He is considered the father of video art. His sophisticated video displays, such as TV Buddha (1974), an installation with a Buddha contemplating him¬ self on television, were seen as uniquely appropriate to the Information Age, in which fascination with electronic media has replaced spirituality. Prolific in many media, he was honoured with many major retrospectives in the late 20th century.
pain Physical suffering associated with a bodily disorder (such as a dis¬ ease or injury) and accompanied by mental or emotional distress. Pain, in its simplest form, is a warning mechanism that helps protect an organ¬ ism by influencing it to withdraw from harmful stimuli (such as a pin¬ prick). In its more complex form, such as in the case of a chronic condition accompanied by depression or anxiety, it can be difficult to isolate and treat. Pain receptors, found in the skin and other tissues, are nerve fibres that react to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. Pain impulses enter the spinal cord and are transmitted to the brain stem and thalamus. The perception of pain is highly variable among individuals; it is influ¬ enced by previous experiences, cultural attitudes (including gender ste¬ reotypes), and genetic makeup. Medication, rest, and emotional support are the standard treatments. The most potent pain-relieving drugs are opium and morphine, followed by less-addictive substances and non-narcotic ANALGESICS Such as ASPIRIN and IBUPROFEN.
Paine, Robert Treat (b. March 11, 1731, Boston, Mass.—d. May 11, 1814, Boston, Mass., U.S.) U.S. jurist. A lawyer in his native Boston from 1757, he gained recognition as a prosecuting attorney in the murder trial of the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. He was a mem¬ ber of the Continental Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence. He also served as Massachusetts’ first attorney general (1777— 90) and as a judge in the state supreme court (1790-1804).
Paine, Thomas (b. Jan. 29, 1737, Thetford, Norfolk, Eng.—d. June 8, 1809, New York, N.Y., U.S.) English-American writer and political pam- pleteer. After a series of professional failures in England, he met Benjamin Franklin, who advised him to immigrate to America. He arrived in Phila¬ delphia in 1774 and helped edit the Pennsylvania Magazine. In January 1776 he wrote Common Sense, a 50-page pamphlet eloquently advocat¬
ing independence; more than 500,000 copies were quickly sold, and it greatly strengthened the colo¬ nists’ resolve. As a volunteer aide to Gen. Nathanael Greene during the American Revolution he wrote his 16 “Crisis” papers (1776-83), each signed “Common Sense”; the first, beginning “These are the times that try men’s souls,” was read to the troops at Valley Forge on George Washington’s order. In 1787 Paine traveled to England and became involved in debate over the French Revolution; his The Rights of Man (1791-92) defended the revolution and espoused republicanism. Viewed as an attack on the monarchy, it was banned, and Paine was declared an outlaw in England. He then went to France, where he was elected to the National Convention (1792-93).
After he criticized the Reign of Ter¬ ror, he was imprisoned by Maximiuen Robespierre (1793-94). His The Age of Reason (1794, 1796), the first part of which was published while he was still in prison, earned him a reputation as an atheist, though it in fact espouses Deism. He returned to the U.S. in 1802; criticized for his Deist writings and little remembered for his service to the Revolution, he died in poverty.