Pan-Turkism Political movement of the late 19th and early 20th cen¬ turies, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkic-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The movement, which began among the Turks in the Crimea and on the Volga, initially sought to unite the Turks of the Ottoman and Russian empires against growing Russian domination. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the father of the Republic of Turkey, later de-emphasized Pan-Turkism, encouraging Turkish nationalism only within Turkey. See also Ismail Gasprinski; Enver Pasha; Young Turks.
Panaji \pa-'na-je\ or New Goa Town (pop., 2001 prelim.: 58,785), seaport, and capital of Goa, western India. It is on the Arabian Sea at the mouth of the Mandavi River. Panaji replaced Old Goa as the residence of the Portuguese viceroy in 1759 and as the capital of Portuguese India in 1843. It contains colonial houses and plazas and is a popular tourist attraction.
Panama officially Republic of Panama Country, Central America. It is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Area: 28,973 sq mi (75,040 sq km). Population (2005 est.):
indigenous Indian languages. Religion:
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic; also other Christians). Cur¬ rency: balboa. Panama consists of three distinct areas: the lowlands (“hot lands”; nearly nine-tenths of the country), the temperate lands, and the highlands (“cold lands”). It has a market economy based on services, mostly transportation, communications, and storage connected with the Panama Canal as well as international banking and tourism. It is a repub¬ lic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president, assisted by vice presidents. The land was inhabited by Indians when the Spanish arrived in 1501. The first successful Spanish settlement was founded by Vasco Nunez de Balboa in 1511. Panama was part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until it declared its independence from Spain
in 1821 to join Colombia. In 1903 it revolted against Colombia and was recognized by the U.S., to whom it ceded the Canal Zone. The completed canal was opened in 1914; control of the canal passed to a joint U.S.- Panamanian commission in 1979. An invasion by U.S. troops in 1989 overthrew the de facto ruler, Gen. Manuel Noriega. In 1999 the country elected its first female president, Mireya Moscoso, and later that year the canal came under the full control of Panama.
Panama Canal Lock-type canal, Panama. Extending across the Isth¬ mus of Panama, it connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is about 50 mi (82 km) long from deepwater to deepwater, with an average depth of 43 ft (13 m). The width varies between 500 to 1,000 ft (150 to 300 m). In 1881 a French company began constructing the canal, but the enter¬ prise collapsed in 1889. Under a 1903 treaty Panama granted the U.S. the Panama Canal Zone and the rights to build and operate a canal. Work began in 1904; facing enormous obstacles, George Washington Goethals directed the construction from 1907, and the canal opened on Aug. 15, 1914. The canal enabled ships traveling between the two oceans to avoid the lengthy circumnavigation of South America and was a boon to world commerce. After disputes over sovereignty, a 1977 treaty provided for Panama to take control of the canal by 2000; it did so in 1999. Except for small craft, no vessel can pass through the canal under its own power. Ships are towed by electric locomotives, and it generally takes 15-20 hours to complete the passage (including waiting time). Sets of double locks enable ships to pass in opposite directions simultaneously.
Panama Canal Zone See Canal Zone
Panama City City (pop., 2000: 415,964), capital of Panama. Near the Pacific Ocean entrance of the Panama Canal, on the Bay of Panama, the site was originally an Indian fishing village. The old city was founded in 1519 but was completely destroyed by British buccaneer Henry Morgan in 1671. It was rebuilt in 1674 just west of the old site. In 1751 the area became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and later part of Colom¬ bia. It was the centre of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia in 1903, when it became the capital of Panama. After the canal opened in 1914, the city developed rapidly, becoming the commercial and transportation centre of the country. The economy depends largely on revenue from canal traffic and associated services.
Panathenaea \ I pan- l a-th3- , ne-o\ In Greek religion, an Athenian festi¬ val of great antiquity. Originally an annual event, it was eventually cel¬ ebrated every fourth year, probably in deliberate rivalry to the Olympic Games. It consisted of the sacrifices and rites proper to the season (mid- August) in the cult of Athena, the city’s protectress. Representatives of all the dependencies of Athens came to the Panathenaea. The great pro¬ cession, made up of the heroes of the Battle of Marathon, is the subject of the frieze of the Parthenon. The participants offered Athena an embroi¬ dered robe and sacrificed animals; there were also poetry recitations (later replaced by a musical contest) and athletic competitions.
Panay \p3-'nl\ Island (pop., 2000: 3,643,016), westernmost of the Visayan group, central Philippines. It is surrounded by the Sibuyan, Visayan, and Sulu seas, and the Guimaras Strait separates it from Negros island. Roughly triangular in shape, it has an area of 4,446 sq mi (11,515 sq km). A rugged, almost unpopulated mountain range parallels its west¬ ern coastline. Between the range and a hilly eastern portion, a densely populated, intensely farmed fertile plain extends north to south. The island’s chief city is Iloilo.
Panchatantra Vpon-cho-'ton-troX Sanskrit "Five Treatises" or
"Five Chapters" Collection of Indian beast fables written in Sanskrit that has had extensive circulation throughout the world. The original work, now lost, may have been written down between 100 bc and ad 500. A textbook for instructing three sons of a king, it contained aphorisms that glorify shrewdness and cleverness over altruism. As early as the 11th century one version reached Europe, where it was known as The Fables of Bidpai (for the narrator, an Indian sage).
panchayat \pon-'cha-y3t\ raj In India, government by the village council, or panchayat. When India gained its independence, it was stated that the government “should take steps to organize village panchayats .” The first panchayat was inaugurated in 1959 in Rajasthan, and in 1993 the panchayat institution was incorporated into the Indian Constitution. Their members are elected, and one-third of them are required to be women. Scheduled castes (formerly untouchables) and tribes are also guar-
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Panchen Lama ► Pankhurst I 1441
an teed representation in proportion to their population. Today the role and success of the panchayats are still the topic of heated discussion. See also Indian National Congress.
Panchen Lama Vpan-chon-'la-moX Any of the line of reincarnated lamas who head the Tashilhunpo Monastery in Tibet, traditionally second only to the Dalai Lama in spiritual authority in the dominant sect of Tibetan Buddhism. A Panchen Lama installed by the Chinese Nationalist govern¬ ment in 1949 later became an official under the Chinese communists. He remained in Tibet after the 14th Dalai Lama fled into exile in 1959 but was imprisoned in 1964 after criticizing the government. He was released in the late 1970s and died in 1989. The Dalai Lama and government sub¬ sequently chose different successors.
pancreas \'paq-kre-3s\ Compound gland functioning as both an exo¬ crine (secreting through a duct) and an endocrine (ductless) gland. It con¬ tinuously secretes pancreatic juice (containing water, bicarbonate, and enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates, fat, and protein) through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum. Scattered among the enzyme-producing cells are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. Disorders include inflammation (pancreati¬ tis), infections, tumours, and cysts. If more than 80-90% of the pancreas must be removed, the patient will need to take insulin and pancreatic extracts. See also diabetes mellitus; hypoglycemia.