Papen Vpa-p9n\, Franz von (b. Oct. 29, 1879, Werl, Ger.—d. May 2, 1969, Obersasbach, W.Ger.) German politician. He served as military attache in Washington, D.C. (1913-15), but was recalled on espionage
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1444 I paper ► Papua New Guinea
charges. A monarchist member of the German Reichstag (1921-32), he was chosen chancellor in 1932, but he was soon ousted by Kurt von Schleicher. In revenge, Papen per¬ suaded Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as chancellor and himself as vice chancellor.
Papen resigned in 1934 when he was unable to restrain the Nazis’ push for power. As ambassador to Austria (1934-38), he worked for Austria’s annexation to Germany. He was ambassador to Turkey (1939-44).
Arrested in 1945, he was tried and acquitted at the NOrnberg trials; sen¬ tenced to prison by a German court as a Nazi, he was released on appeal in 1949.
paper Matted or felted sheet, usu¬ ally made of cellulose fibres, formed on a wire screen from water suspen¬ sion. Source materials include wood pulp, rags, and recycled paper. The fibres are separated (by processes that may be mechanical, chemical, or both) and wetted to produce paper pulp, or stock. The pulp is filtered on a woven screen to form a sheet of fibre, which is pressed and compacted to squeeze out most of the water. The remaining water is removed by evaporation, and the dry sheet is further compressed and often (depend¬ ing on the intended use) coated or infused with other substances. Types of paper in common use include bond paper, book paper, bristol (or bris- tol board), groundwood and newsprint, kraft paper, paperboard, and sani¬ tary paper (for towels, napkins, etc.). See also calendering; Fourdrinier MACHINE; KRAFT PROCESS.
paper birch Ornamental, shade, and timber tree (Betula papyrifera) of the birch family, native to northern and central North America. Also called canoe birch, silver birch, or white birch, it is one of the best-known birches. The smooth, varicolored or white bark of young trees peels hori¬ zontally in thin sheets, which once were used as writing surfaces as well as for roofing, canoes, and shoes. The water-impervious bark, which bums even when wet, is a boon to campers and hikers.
paper chromatography (PC) Type of chromatography using filter paper or other special paper as the stationary phase. Spots of sample and reference materials are applied, usually as liquids, near one edge (or cor¬ ner, for two-dimensional PC) of the paper. The edge of the paper is dipped in a solvent, which travels along it by capillarity, moving the components of the sample at rates depending on their relative solubilities in the sol¬ vent. In two-dimensional PC, the paper is then turned 90° and the new edge dipped in a different solvent. The components of the sample mix¬ ture, visible as separated spots, are identified by comparing the distances they have traveled with those of the known reference materials. PC is especially useful for complex mixtures of amino acids, peptides, carbohy¬ drates, steroids, and many other organic compounds and inorganic ions.
paper folding Japanese origami Art of folding objects out of paper without cutting, pasting, or decorating. Its early history is unknown, but it seems to have developed from the older art of folding cloth. Origami has reached its greatest development in Japan, with hundreds of traditional folds and an extensive literature dealing with the art. There are two types of Japanese folds: figures used in ceremonial etiquette, and objects such as animals, flowers, furniture, and human figures. Some objects have amusing action features; best known is the bird that flaps its wings when its tail is pulled. Paper folding has also flourished in Spain, South America, and Germany.
Paphlagonia Ancient district, northern Anatolia, on the Black Sea. A mountainous country, one of the oldest in Anatolia, it submitted to Alex¬ ander the Great in 333 bc. In the 3rd-2nd century bc it was gradually absorbed by the Pontic kingdom on its eastern border. In 65 bc the coastal districts, including the capital, Sinope, were attached to Roman Bithynia. The area was incorporated into the Roman province of Galatia in c. 6 bc; the interior regions were left under native rulers. It was part of the Byz¬ antine Empire, and all but its coastal regions were lost to invading Turk¬ ish peoples after the Battle of Manzikert (1071).
papillomavirus X.pa-po-'lo-mo-.vI-rosX Any of a group of viRUSes that cause warts and other harmless tumours in humans. More than 100 dis¬ tinct types are known. Different types are responsible for warts of the hands, plantar warts (of the feet), and throat warts. Genital warts are caused by other types, which are spread by sexual intercourse. Some types of papillomaviruses that cause genital infections have been linked with various cancerous tumours, especially cervical cancers; their presence can be detected through a Pap smear.
papillon \,pa-pe-'yo n \ Breed of toy dog known from the 16th century, when it was called a dwarf spaniel. A favorite of Marie-Antoinette, it appeared in paintings by Old Masters. It acquired its name (French for “butterfly”) in the late 19th century, when a variety with large, flaring ears became fashionable. Another variety has drooping ears. A slender, grace¬ ful dog with a plumed tail, it stands 11 in. (28 cm) or less and weighs up to 11 lbs (5 kg). The soft, full coat is usually white, with darker patches.
Papineau \pa-pe-'no\, Louis Joseph (b. Oct. 7, 1786, Montreal, Que.—d. Sept. 23, 1871, Montebello, Que., Can.) Canadian politician. He was elected to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada (now Quebec) in 1808 and became its speaker in 1815. A leader of the French-Canadian Party, he opposed the British-dominated government of Lower Canada. In 1834 he helped draft the 92 Resolutions, a statement of French- Canadian demands and grievances. When the British governor rejected the resolutions, hostilities broke out. Papineau escaped to the U.S. and then to France, where he lived from 1839 to 1844. He returned to Canada under an amnesty in 1844 and served in the Canadian House of Com¬ mons from 1848 to 1854, though he never regained his leadership of the French-Canadians.
Papp, Joseph orig. Joseph Papirofsky (b. June 22, 1921, Brook¬ lyn, N.Y., U.S.—d. Oct. 31, 1991, New York, N.Y.) U.S. theatrical pro¬ ducer and director. He studied acting and directing and worked as a stage manager for CBS television. In 1954 he founded the New York Shakes¬ peare Festival, which gave free performances of Shakespeare’s plays in city parks. He produced and directed most of the plays; in 1962 the Dela- corte Theatre in Central Park was built as the company’s permanent home. In 1967 he founded the New York Shakespeare Festival Public Theatre, which concentrated on contemporary and experimental dramas. Several productions traveled to Broadway, including Hair (1967) and A Chorus Line (1975). Papp remained one of Off-Broadway’ s most active produc¬ ers into the 1980s. He served as artistic director of the Shakespeare Fes¬ tival and the Public Theatre until his death.
Papua formerly Irian Jaya Province (pop., 2000 prelim.: 2,220,934), Indonesia. It includes the western half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands and the Schouten and Raja Ampat island groups. The Maoke Mountains rise to 16,503 ft (5,030 m) at Puncak Jaya. First sighted by the Portuguese in 1511, Papua was claimed by the Dutch in 1828. It was transferred to Indonesia in 1963 and was made a province in 1969, with its capital at Jayapura. Rebels led a separatist movement there in the late 1990s, and Papua achieved greater autonomy in 2001.
Papua New Guinea Vpa-pyu-w3...'gi-ne\ officially Independent State of Papua New Guinea Island country, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Area: 178,704 sq mi (462,840 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 5,887,000. Capitaclass="underline" Port Moresby. Most of the people are Papuan (four- fifths) and Melanesian; ethnic minorities are Polynesian, Chinese, and European. Languages: English (official), Tok Pisin, Motu, indigenous lan¬ guages. Religions: Christianity (Protestant, Roman Catholic); also tradi¬ tional beliefs. Currency: kina. The island of New Guinea constitutes about seven-eighths of the total land area of Papua New Guinea; the country also includes Bougainville Island and the Bismarck Archipelago. The New Guinea terrain ranges from swampy lowland plains in the south and north to high central mountains (the highlands) in the northwest and southeast. Much of the land is covered with tropical rainforest. Some of the outly¬ ing islands are volcanic. The country has a developing mixed economy based largely on subsistence agriculture and the export of minerals. It is a constitutional monarchy with one legislative house; its chief of state is the British monarch represented by the governor-general, and the head of government is the prime minister. The area has been inhabited since pre¬ historic times, and farming has been practiced since c. 7000 bc. The Por¬ tuguese sighted the coast in 1511, and the first European landing was about 1526-27. The first European colony was founded in 1793 by the British. In 1828 the Dutch claimed the western half as part of the Dutch East Indies. In 1884 Britain annexed the southeastern part and Germany