Philip VI or Philip of Valois \val-'wa\ French Philippe de Valois
(b. 1293—d. Aug. 22, 1350, near Paris) First French king of the Valois dynasty (1328-50). He continued Capetian efforts to centralize the state but made concessions to the nobility, clergy, and bourgeoisie. His knights killed thousands of rebellious Flemings at the Battle of Cassel (1328). His disputes with Edward III of England led to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War (1337). French defeats at the Battles of Sluys (1340) and Crecy
Philip II, detail of an oil painting by Titian; in the Corsini Gallery, Rome.
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1488 I Philip ► Philippines
(1346) caused crises in France until the spread of the Black Death (from 1348) overshadowed other considerations.
Philip, duke of Edinburgh known as Prince Philip (b. June 10, 1921, Corfu, Greece) Husband of Queen Elizabeth II of Britain. Son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882-1944) and Princess Alice (1885-1969), a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, he was reared in Britain. In World War II he served in combat with the Royal Navy. In 1947 he became a British subject, taking his mother’s surname. Mount- batten, and renouncing his right to the Greek and Danish thrones. He married Princess Elizabeth in 1947 and continued on active service in the navy until her accession to the throne in 1952. Charles, prince of Wales, is their son.
Philip, King See Metacom Philip Augustus See Philip II (France)
Philip Morris tobacco companies Two of the world’s largest tobacco companies, comprising Philip Morris International Inc. and Philip Morris USA Inc., both of which are owned by U.S. holding company Altria Group, Inc. Drawing on the name of Philip Morris, a London tobacconist who opened shop in the mid 1800s, the company was incorporated in New York in 1902 as a British-American venture; ownership shifted to Ameri¬ can stockholders in 1919, when the company was renamed Philip Morris & Co. It became a principal maker of cigarettes in the 1930s and ’40s, and the popularity of its Marlboro cigarettes grew with its use of cowboy imagery to advertise them in the mid 1950s. The company developed other American cigarette brands such as Parliament, Virginia Slims, and Merit. Overseas ventures in the manufacture and marketing of cigarettes led to the formation of Philip Morris International, which by 1972 had estab¬ lished sales in many parts of the world, including the former Soviet Union. Its global brands include Chesterfield and Lark.
Philip of Hesse (b. Nov. 13,1504, Marburg, Hesse—d. March 31,1567, Kassel, Ger.) German nobleman, landgrave of Hesse, and champion of the Reformation. His skillful management made Hesse a sovereign state. Won to the cause of Martin Luther, Philip became a Reformation leader in Ger¬ many. In 1529 he founded the first Protestant university at Marburg (1529), and in 1531 he united several princes and towns to form the Schmalkaldic League. However, his folly in contracting a bigamous second marriage dam¬ aged his reputation. After the emperor crushed the league, Philip was imprisoned (1547-52). Long imprisonment undermined his influence and his health, though he finally saw Lutheranism gain a position of legal equal¬ ity with Catholicism in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). In the year of his death, he divided Hesse among his four sons.
Philip of Macedonia See Philip II Philip of Valois See Philip VI (France)
Philip the Bold See Philip II (Burgundy)
Philip the Fair See Philip IV (France)
Philip the Good See Philip ill (Burgundy)
Philipon \fe-le-'po n \, Charles (b. April 19, 1802, Lyon, France—d. Jan. 25, 1862, Paris) French caricaturist, lithographer, and journalist. An excellent draftsman with a fertile sense of satire and vigorous political opinions, he published a series of journals of political satire. La Carica¬ ture, which he introduced in 1830, was suppressed in 1835; Le Charivari, introduced in 1832, became the inspiration for Punch, subtitled The Lon¬ don Charivari. His drawing showing the transformation of Louis- Philippe into the shape of a pear established the pear as the common symbol for the king. He attracted and inspired the best caricaturists in France, includ¬ ing Honore Daumier and Gustave Dore.
Philippe Egalite See due d’ Orleans
Philippi \'fi-b-,pl\ Ruined hill town, northern central Macedonia, Greece. In c. 357 bc it was fortified by King Philip II to control nearby gold mines. In 42 bc it was the scene of the decisive Roman battle in which Mark Antony and Octavian (later Augustus) defeated Brutus and Cassius, the leading assassins of Julius Caesar. Many Christian ruins, especially of the 5th-6th century ad, are spread over the site. St. Paul preached the gospel to Christian converts there.
Philippine-American War or Philippine Insurrection (1899- 1902) War between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries, which may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. The
Treaty of Paris (1898), which concluded the Spanish-American War, trans¬ ferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the U.S.; but it was not rec¬ ognized by Filipino leaders, whose troops controlled the entire archipelago except the capital city of Manila. By 1902 U.S. troops had defeated the insurgency, though sporadic fighting continued until 1906. The U.S. retained possession of the islands (except for the Japanese occu¬ pation during World War II) until 1946.
Philippine Revolution (1896-98) Filipino independence struggle that failed to end Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. There had been numerous quasi-religious uprisings during the more than 300 years of colonial rule, but the late 19th-century writings of Jose Rizal and others helped stimulate a more broad-based movement for Philippine indepen¬ dence. Spain was unwilling to reform its colonial government, and armed rebellion broke out in 1896. Rizal, who had advocated reform but not revolution, was shot for sedition; his martyrdom fueled the revolution. The rebel forces of Emilio Aguinaldo were unable to defeat the Spanish, but the Filipinos proclaimed their independence in the wake of Spain’s defeat in the Spanish-American War (1898). The Treaty of Paris ceded the Philippines to the U.S., however, and Aguinaldo continued the revolu¬ tionary struggle, now against the U.S.; he gave up the struggle after being arrested in 1901. See also Philippine-American War.
Philippine Sea Vfil-s-.penV, Battle of the (June 19-20, 1944) Naval battle of World War II between the U.S. and Japan. On June 19, after the U.S. invaded Saipan, Japan sent 430 planes to destroy U.S. ships but suf¬ fered heavy losses from U.S. carrier aircraft before retiring the next day. Called the greatest carrier battle of the war, it ended with the loss of over 300 Japanese planes and two carriers, while U.S. aircraft losses totaled 130, with minor damage to ships.
Philippines officially Republic of the Philippines Island country, western Pacific Ocean, on an archipelago off the southeast coast of Asia. Area: 122,121 sqmi (316,294 sqkm). Population (2005 est.): 84,191,000. Capitaclass="underline" Manila; Quezon City is the designated centre of national govem-
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