Puerto
Princesa
• CAGAYAN IS.
8,070 ft. NEGROS
*Tagbilaran
BUGSUK ISLAND ^
BALABAC ISLAND >Balabac
Balabac Strait
SUL J SEA
Butuan
Dumaguete*
Dipolog, ^yCaga^ab^e Oro ..0zarais*->jw- h ZAMBOANGA , T /
PENINSULA toV
Zamboanga. M Apo*
Isabela* ^ 9,692 fl. Cap( _
TAWI-TAWI ° °* General Santos * San Agustin
ISLAND .#■ Tirtaca Point SARANGA 5,
ISLANDS
CELEBES SEA
© 2002 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
ment. Filipinos are predominantly of Malay descent, frequently with Chinese and sometimes American or Spanish ancestry. Languages: Pilipino and English (both official); the other main groups are Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, and Bicol. Religions: Christianity (pre¬ dominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, other Christians); also Islam. Currency: Philippine peso. The Philippines consist of about 7,100 islands and islets. The two principal islands are Luzon in the north and Mindanao in the south. The Visayan group is in the central Philippines, Mindoro is directly south of Luzon, and Palawan is isolated in the west. The topog-
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Philips Electronics NV ► philosophical anthropology I 1489
raphy is varied; inactive volcanoes and mountain ranges are the main fea¬ tures of most of the larger islands. The country has a predominantly market economy based largely on agriculture, light industries, and ser¬ vices. The Philippines is a republic with two legislative houses; its chief of state and head of government is the president. First visited by Ferdi¬ nand Magellan in 1521, the islands were colonized by the Spanish, who retained control until the Philippines were ceded to the U.S. in 1898 fol¬ lowing the Spanish-American War. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 to prepare the country for political and economic independence, which was delayed by World War II and the invasion of Japanese troops. The islands were liberated by U.S. forces in 1944-45, and the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed in 1946, with a gov¬ ernment patterned on that of the U.S. In 1965 Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. He declared martial law in 1972, which lasted until 1981. After 20 years of dictatorial rule, Marcos was driven from power in 1986. Corazon Aquino became president and instituted a period of democratic rule that continued with the elections of subsequent presidents. The government has tried to come to terms with Muslim independence fighters in the southern islands by establishing the Muslim Mindanao autonomous region in southwestern Mindanao and nearby islands.
Philips Electronics NV in full Royal Philips Electronics NV Dutch Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV Major Dutch manufac¬ turer of consumer electronics, household appliances, lightbulbs, and imag¬ ing equipment. It was founded by Dutch engineer Gerard Philips in 1891 to make incandescent lamps and incorporated in 1912 under the name NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken (Dutch: Philips Incandescent Light Works). Its strong research efforts were consolidated in 1914 in a separate orga¬ nization that became the Philips Research Laboratories. It began manu¬ facturing radios in the 1920s, and after World War II it marketed stereo equipment, televisions, and other products under such brand names as Philips, Magnavox, and Norelco. Philips helped create the compact disc, the cassette tape, and the videocassette recorder, and it is a leading sup¬ plier of diagnostic medical equipment. Renamed Philips Electronics NV in 1991, the firm has manufacturing and marketing subsidiaries through¬ out the world.
Philistine Member of a group of Aegean origin that settled on the south¬ ern coast of Palestine. The Philistines first settled the region during the 12th century bc, about the time the Israelites arrived. They lived in five cities (the Pentapolis) that together made up Philistia, from which the Greeks derived the name Palestine. They first fought the Israelites in the 11th century bc. In the 10th century bc they were defeated by the Isra¬ elite king David. They were later ruled by Assyria, Egypt, Babylonia, Per¬ sia, Greece, and Rome. The group appears prominently in the Old Testament—from which much of the information about them is derived— though they left no written records of their own. It is from these many and coloured biblical references that the term assumes its modern sig¬ nificance in the English language.
Phillips, Irna (b. July 1, 1901, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—d. Dec. 22, 1973, Chicago) U.S. radio producer and director. She worked as a teacher before turning to writing for radio and creating the first soap opera, Painted
Dreams (1930). Later known as “Queen of the Soaps,” she intro¬ duced techniques such as the organ bridge to give a smooth flow between scenes and the cliff-hanger ending to each episode. Her daytime radio serials included Today’s Chil¬ dren (1933-38, 1943-50); The Guid¬ ing Light (1937-56; television, 1952-); Road of Life (1937-59); and Women in White (1938-42, 1944- 48), the first hospital soap opera. She also created the television serials As the World Turns (1956) and Another World (1964).
Phillips, Wendell (b. Nov. 29, 1811, Boston, Mass., U.S.—d. Feb. 2, 1884, Boston) U.S. reformer and abolitionist. A wealthy graduate of Harvard Law School, he sacrificed social status and a prospective politi¬ cal career in order to join the antisla¬
Wendell Phillips
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
very movement. His reputation as an inspirational orator was established with his address at an abolitionist meeting in 1837 to protest the murder of Elijah Lovejoy. He became an associate of William Lloyd Garrison and lectured widely at meetings of the American Anti-Slavery Society, serving as its president from 1865 to 1870. He also advocated prohibition, woman suffrage, prison reform, regulation of corporations, and labour reform.
Phillips curve Graphic representation of the inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of change in money wages. In 1958 A. W. Phillips plotted British unemployment rates and rates of change in money wages and found that when unemployment rates were low, employers were more likely to bid wages up to lure good employ¬ ees away from their competitors. He claimed that this was a stable rela¬ tionship. In the 1960s macroeconomists substituted the rate of price inflation for the rate of change in money wages and promulgated the curve as a tool of economic policy, arguing that the simultaneous achievement of low unemployment and low inflation was problematic. Monetarists, including Milton Friedman, claimed the relationship was not stable.
Philo Judaeus \'fi-lo-ju-'de-9s\ or Philo of Alexandria (b. 10-15 bc, Alexandria—d. ad 45-50, Alexandria) Greek-speaking Jewish phi¬ losopher. A leader of the Jewish community of Alexandria, he led a del¬ egation to the emperor Caligula c. ad 40 to ask that Jews not be forced to worship him. His writings provide the clearest view of this development of Judaism in the Diaspora. His philosophy was influenced by Plato, Aris¬ totle, the Neo-Pythagoreans, the Cynics, and Stoicism. In his view of God, Philo was original in insisting on an individual Providence able to sus¬ pend the laws of nature, in contrast to the prevailing Greek view of a universal Providence which is itself subject to the laws of nature. As the first to attempt to synthesize revealed faith and philosophic reason, he occupies a unique position in the history of philosophy. He is regarded as the most important representative of Hellenistic Judaism and a fore¬ runner of Christian theology.
philodendron V.fi-b-'den-drsnX Any of about 200 species of climbing herbaceous plants that make up the genus Philodendron in the arum fam¬ ily, native to the New World tropics. Some are popular indoor foliage plants in colder areas and landscape plants in warmer climates. The leaves are often large and smooth-edged to variously lobed and cut. The inflo¬ rescence is seldom produced indoors. Many forms are available in culti¬ vation, foremost among them the common heart-leaf ( Philodendron scandens oxycardium). Large varieties include the spade-leaf philoden¬ dron {P. domesticum or P. hastatum ), with triangular leaves up to 2 ft (60 cm) long, and the selloum philodendron (P selloum ), with deeply cut leaves up to 3 ft (1 m) long.