Leo XI
1605
Felix III (or II) 2
483-92
Boniface VI
896
Paschal (III)
1164-68
Paul V
1605-21
Gelasius 1
492-96
Stephen VI (or VII) 3
896
Calixtus (III)
1168-78
Gregory XV
1621-23
Anastasius II
496-98
Romanus
897
Innocent (III)
1179-80
Urban VIII
1623-44
Symmachus
498-514
Theodore II
897
Lucius III
1181-85
Innocent X
1644-55
Laurentius
498, 501-c.
John IX
898-900
Urban III
1185-87
Alexander VII
1655-67
505/507
Benedict IV
900-903
Gregory VIII
1187
Clement IX
1667-69
Hormisdas
514-23
Leo V
903
Clement III
1187-91
Clement X
1670-76
John 1
523-26
Christopher
903-4
Celestine III
1191-98
Innocent XI
1676-89
Felix IV (or III) 2
526-30
Sergius III
904-11
Innocent III
1198-1216
Alexander VIII
1689-91
Dioscorus
530
Anastasius III
911-13
Honorius III
1216-27
Innocent XII
1691-1700
Boniface II
530-32
Lando
913-14
Gregory IX
1227-41
Clement XI
1700-21
John II
533-35
John X
914-28
Celestine IV
1241
Innocent XIII
1721-24
Agapetus 1
535-36
Leo VI
928
Innocent IV
1243-54
Benedict XIII
1724-30
Silverius
536-37
Stephen VII (or VIII) 3
929-31
Alexander IV
1254-61
Clement XII
1730-40
Vigilius
537-55
John XI
931-35
Urban IV
1261-64
Benedict XIV
1740-58
Pelagius 1
556-61
Leo VII
936-39
Clement IV
1265-68
Clement XIII
1758-69
John III
561-74
Stephen VIII (or IX) 3
939-42
Gregory X
1271-76
Clement XIV
1769-74
Benedict 1
575-79
Marinus II
942-46
Innocent V
1276
Pius VI
1775-99
Pelagius II
579-90
Agapetus II
946-55
Adrian V
1276
Pius VII
1800-23
Gregory 1
590-604
John XII
955-64
John XXI 5
1276-77
Leo XII
1823-29
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Pope ► popular music I 1529
Popes and Antipopes 1 (antipopes in italics) (continued)
Pius VIII
1829-30
Pius XII
1939-58
Gregory XVI
1831-46
John XXIII
1958-63
Pius IX
1846-78
Paul VI
1963-78
Leo XIII
1878-1903
John Paul 1
1978
Pius X
1903-14
John Paul II
1978-2005
Benedict XV
1914-22
Benedict XVI
2005-
Pius XI
1922-39
’Until the 4th cent., the popes were usually known only as bishops of Rome.
^he higher number is used if Felix (II), who reigned 355-58 and is ordinar¬ ily classed as an antipope, is counted as a pope.
3 Though elected on March 23, 752, Stephen (II) died two days later before he could be consecrated and thus is ordinarily not counted. The issue has made the numbering of subsequent Stephens somewhat irregular.
^Either Leo VIII or Benedict V may be considered an antipope.
5 A confusion in the numbering of popes named John after John XIV (r.983-84) resulted because some 1 lth-cent. historians mistakenly believed that there had been a pope named John between antipope Boniface VII and the true John XV (r.985-86). Therefore they mistakenly numbered the real popes John XV to XIX as John XVI to XX. These popes have since customari¬ ly been renumbered XV to XIX, but John XXI and John XXII continue to bear numbers that they themselves formally adopted on the assumption that there had indeed been 20 Johns before them. In current numbering, there thus exists no pope by the name of John XX.
6 ln the 13th cent, the papal chancery misread the names of the two popes Marinus as Martin, and as a result of this error Simon de Brie in 1281 assumed the name of Pope Martin IV instead of Martin II. The enumeration has not been corrected, and thus there exist no Martin II and Martin III.
epic The Dunciad (1728) and An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735). The philosophical An Essay on Man (1733-34) was intended as part of a larger work that he never completed.
Pope, John (b. March 16, 1822, Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Sept. 23, 1892, Sandusky, Ohio) U.S. army officer. A graduate of West Point, he served in the Mexican War. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, and he commanded operations that secured Union navi¬ gation of the Mississippi River almost to Memphis. In 1862 he was given command of the Army of Vir¬ ginia. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, his forces were defeated.
Though he tried to blame the rout on his subordinates, including Fitz-John Porter, he was relieved of his com¬ mand and sent to Minnesota to quell a Sioux uprising. After the war he commanded the Department of the Missouri (1870-83).
Popish Plot (1678) In English his¬ tory, a fictitious but widely believed rumour that Jesuits planned to assassinate Charles II and replace him with his brother, the Catholic duke of York (later James II). The rumour was fabricated by Titus Oates, who gave a sworn deposition of his “evidence” to a London justice of the peace. When the latter was found murdered, a panic among the people was followed by accusations and trials, leading to the execution of about 35 innocent people. When Oates was finally discredited, the panic subsided.
poplar Any of at least 35 species and many natural hybrids of trees that make up the genus Populus (willow family). Poplars grow throughout northern temperate regions, some even beyond the Arctic Circle. They are rapid-growing but relatively short-lived. Their leaves flutter in the slight¬ est breeze because of their laterally compressed petioles (leafstalks). The relatively soft wood is used to make cardboard boxes, crates, paper, and veneer. North America has three groups of native poplars: cottonwoods, aspens, and balsam poplars.
poplar, yellow See tulip tree
Popocatepetl \ 1 po-p3- , ka-t3-,pe-tT\ Volcano, Puebla state, southeast- central Mexico, west of the city of Puebla. The perpetually snowcapped,
symmetrical cone reaches 17,930 ft (5,465 m). The first Spanish ascent is thought to have been made in 1519. After being inactive for more than 50 years, Popocatepetl erupted in 1994, with frequent recurrences in the years that followed.
Popol Vuh Vpo-pol-'viiV Mayan document that provides valuable infor¬ mation on ancient Maya mythology and culture. It was written between 1554 and 1558 in the Quiche language using Spanish letters. It tells of the creation of man, the acts of the gods, and the origin and history of the Quiche people and also gives a chronology of their kings. The book was discovered early in the 18th century by Francisco Jimenez, a parish priest in the Guatemalan highlands, who copied out the original, now lost, and translated it into Spanish.
popolo \'po-p6-l6\ (Italian: “people”) In the communes (city-states) of 13th-century Italy, a pressure group instituted to protect the interests of the commoners against the nobility. Until then noblemen had exclusively controlled the commune governments, and the popolo was the means by which wealthy merchants sought to extend their power. The popolo in Florence controlled the government 1250-60 and again after 1282. By the beginning of the 14th century, its elders formed the supreme execu¬ tive of the commune.
Popper, Sir Karl (Raimund) (b. July 28, 1902, Vienna, Austria—d. Sept. 17, 1994, Croydon, Greater London, Eng.) Austrian-British philoso¬ pher of natural and social science. In The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934), he rejected the traditional conception of induction, which held that a scientific hypothesis may be verified through the accumulation of con¬ firming observations, arguing instead that scientific hypotheses can at best only be falsified. His later works include The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), The Poverty of Historicism (1957), and Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (3 vol., 1981-82).