ray flower See composite family
Rayburn, Sam(uel) (Taliaferro) (b. Jan. 6, 1882, Roane county, Tenn., U.S.—d. Nov. 16, 1961, Bonham, Texas) U.S. politician. He taught school in Texas before becoming a lawyer. He served in the state legis¬ lature from 1907 to 1913. In 1912 he was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served for the next 48 years,
including 17 years as speaker (1940^16, 1949-53, 1955—61). A skillful tactician, he influenced the passage of much New Deal legislation and cowrote the bill enacting rural electrification. He was the long-time politi¬ cal mentor of Lyndon B. Johnson and a trusted adviser to presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy.
Rayleigh Vra-le\ (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (b. Nov. 12, 1842, Langford Grove, Essex, Eng.—d. June 30, 1919, Terling Place, Witham, Essex) English physicist. In 1873 he suc¬ ceeded to his father’s title and built a research laboratory on his estate. He taught physics at Cambridge University (1879-84) and was secretary of the Royal Society (1884-95). His research included work on electro¬ magnetism, colour, acoustics, and diffraction gratings, and his theory explaining the blue colour of the sky evolved into the Rayleigh scattering law. In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his isola¬ tion of argon. In 1908 he became chancellor of Cambridge University. His influential Theory of Sound (1877, 1878) examines questions of vibra¬ tions and resonance of media.
Rayleigh scattering Dispersion of electromagnetic radiation by par¬ ticles with radii less than Vio the wavelength of the radiation. It is named for Baron Rayleigh, who described it in 1871. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is scattered in the atmo¬ sphere much more than the longer-wavelength red light. This causes the blue colour of the sky, since the observer sees only the scattered light. The Rayleigh laws predict the variation of the intensity and the polariza¬ tion of scattered light.
Raymond IV French Raimond known as Raymond of Saint- Gi lies \sa n -'zhel\ (b. 1041 or 1042, Toulouse, county of Toulouse—d. Feb. 28, 1105, near Tripoli) Count of Toulouse (1093-1105) and marquis of Provence (1066-1105). The first western European ruler to join the First Crusade, he helped capture Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) but refused the Crusaders’ crown of Jerusalem. He also conquered and ruled Tripoli (1102-05).
Raymond VI French Raimond (b. Oct. 27, 1156—d. Aug. 1222, Toulouse, France) Count of Toulouse (1194-1222). He at first tolerated the heretical Cathari but later joined the Albigensian Crusade against them. Raymond fought the Crusaders to save his own dominions. Though he lost his title by decree of the fourth Lateran Council (1215), despite the effort of Pope Innocent III to arrange a compromise, he regained most of his lands by conquest. Twice excommunicated, he was refused Christian burial.
Raymond VII French Raimond (b. July 1197, Beaucaire, France—d. Sept. 27, 1249, Millau) Count of Toulouse (1222^-9). He helped recover lands taken from his father, Raymond VI, and negotiated a truce (1223) with land-hungry Crusaders from northern France. For failing to suppress the heretical Cathari, he was excommunicated (1226) and subjected to a French invasion. He ceded territory to France by treaty and agreed to per¬ mit the Albigensian Crusade to continue in Languedoc (1229). Allied with Henry III of England, he rebelled unsuccessfully against Louis VIII of France (1242) and was forced to accept greater French authority over Toulouse.
Raymond, Antonin (b. May 10, 1888, Kladno, Bohemia—d. Nov. 21, 1976, Langhome, Pa., U.S.) Czech-born U.S. architect. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1910. He assisted Frank Lloyd Wright in building the Impe¬ rial Hotel, Tokyo (1916). Remaining in Japan, he and his partner, Ladislav Rado, built numerous structures, mostly for Americans. One of the few Modernist architects working in Japan at the time, he influenced such Japanese architects as Yoshimura Junzo and Maekawa Kunio. Among his works were the Reader’s Digest Building, Tokyo (1951; since destroyed), and the Nagoya International School (opened 1967), a circular structure serving a flexible, progressive educational program.
Raymond of Penafort V.pan-yo-'forA, Saint Spanish Raimundo (b. c. 1185, Penafort, near Barcelona—d. Jan. 6, 1275, Barcelona; can¬ onized 1601; feast day January 7) Catalan Dominican friar influential in defining church law. He studied and taught canon law at Bologna, then returned to Barcelona, where he joined the Dominicans and wrote a manual for confessors widely used in the late Middle Ages. Appointed papal chaplain by Pope Gregory IX (1230), he was commissioned to codify the papal statues and rulings on canon law; these Decretals (1234) remained part of church law until 1917. He later organized schools of Arabic and Hebrew studies in Tunis and Murcia.
Satyajit Ray.
CAMERA PRESS
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Rayonism ► Reading I 1595
Rayonism Vra-o-.ni-zonA (from Russian, Luchizm: “ray-ism”) Russian art movement founded 1912-13 by Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964) and his wife, Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962), which represented one of the first steps toward the development of abstract art in Russia. A synthesis of Cubism, Futurism, and Orphism, Rayonism was described by Larionov as “concerned with spatial forms that are obtained through the crossing of reflected rays from various objects.” It apparently ended after 1914, when its founders departed for Paris.
Rayonnant style \re-y9n-'a n \ French style (13th century) that repre¬ sents the height of Gothic architecture. During this period architects became less interested in achieving great size than in decoration, which took such forms as pinnacles, moldings, and especially window tracery. The style’s name reflects the radiating character of the rose window. Other features include the thinning of vertical supporting members, the enlarge¬ ment of windows, and the combination of the triforium gallery and clere¬ story into one large glazed area, until walls became largely undifferentiated screens of tracery, mullions, and glass. Amiens Cathedral (1220-70) is cited as its earliest manifestation. Especially fine achieve¬ ments include Notre-Dame de Paris, the church of Saint-Urbain in Troyes (founded 1262), and the extraordinary Sainte-Chapelle, Paris (consecrated 1248), Louis IX’s palace chapel. See also cathedral.
Razi Vra-ze\, al- in full Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya’ al-RazT Latin Rhazes (b. c. 865, Rayy, Persia—d. 925 or 935, Rayy) Persian alchemist and philosopher. He saw himself as the Islamic heir of Socrates in philosophy and of Hippocrates in medicine. In The Compre¬ hensive Book, he surveyed Greek, Syrian, early Arabic, and some Indian medical knowledge, adding his own comments. A number of his works were translated into Latin and other languages. One such. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes, is a popular ethical treatise and major alchemical study. He called himself a follower of Plato but disagreed with Arabic interpret¬ ers of Plato. His theory of the composition of matter is similar to that of Democritus. He was considered one of the greatest physicians of the early Islamic world.
Razin \'ra-zyin\, Stenka orig. Stepan Timofeyevich Razin (b.
c. 1630, Zimoveyskaya-na-Donu, Russia—d. June 16, 1671, Moscow) Russian Cossack rebel. Born in the prosperous Don Cossack area, he sup¬ ported the runaway serfs from Poland and Russia who escaped into the region to find land. In 1667 he led a band of newcomers to establish an outpost on the upper Don River. They raided Russian and Persian settle¬ ments on the Caspian Sea (1667-70), acquiring great fame and wealth. He then led his Cossack anarchists on a campaign into the Volga River region, where he was joined by disaffected peasants. After seizing Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd), Astrakhan, and Saratov, his force of 20,000 undisciplined rebels was defeated by the Russian army at Simbirsk. Razin was captured, tortured, and executed. He became a popular Russian folk hero and was immortalized in songs and legends.