wm Reiner Yrl-narV Fritz (b. Dec. 19, 1888, Budapest, Austria-
Hungary—d. Nov. 15, 1963, New York, N.Y., U.S.) Hungarian-born U.S. conductor. After piano studies with Bela Bartok, he conducted opera in mm Budapest (1911—14) and Dresden (1914-22). In 1922 he immigrated to
y the U.S., where he conducted orchestras in Cincinnati (1922-31) and
Pittsburgh (1938-48). From 1953 to 1962 he led the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, which under Reiner first won international acclaim. He also taught conducting at the Curtis Institute (Leonard Bernstein was among his students). A stern taskmaster, he inspired devotion on the part of many players.
reinforced concrete Concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The rein¬ forcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and some¬ times the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earth¬ quakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural applications. In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work together to allow the mem¬ ber to sustain these stresses over considerable spans. The invention of reinforced concrete in the 19th century revolutionized the construction industry, and concrete became one of the world’s most common building materials.
Reinhardt, Ad(olf Frederick) (b. Dec. 24, 1913, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—d. Aug. 30, 1967, New York, N.Y.) U.S. painter. He studied art after
graduating from Columbia University. He employed several abstract styles in the 1930s and ’40s, but by the early 1950s he had restricted his works to monochrome paintings incorporating symmetrically placed squares and oblong shapes against backgrounds of similar colour, in which drawing, line, brushwork, texture, light, and most other visual elements were suppressed. He explained his style as a conscious search for an art that would be entirely separate from life. He influenced the Minimalist movement of the 1960s, more as a polemicist than as a painter.
Reinhardt, Django orig. Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt (b. Jan. 23, 1910, Liberchies, Belg.—d. May 16,
1953, Fontainebleau, France)
Belgian-French guitarist. Of Roma (Gypsy) parentage, Reinhardt learned guitar at an early age, adapt¬ ing his technique to accommodate the loss of the use of two fingers burned in a caravan fire in 1928.
With jazz violinist Stephane Grap¬ pelli (1908-97), he formed the Quin¬ tette du Hot Club de France in 1934.
He toured the U.S. with Duke Elling¬ ton in 1946. Reinhardt was one of the first important guitar soloists in jazz; his blend of swing and the Roma musical tradition as well as his unconventional technique made him a unique and legendary figure.
Reinhardt, Max orig. Max Goldmann (b. Sept. 9, 1873, Baden, near Vienna, Austria—d. Oct. 31, 1943, New York, N.Y., U.S.) German theatrical director. After studying drama in Vienna and acting in Salzburg, he joined Otto Brahm’s company in Berlin in 1894. Reinhardt directed his first play in 1902 and managed a small theatre from 1903. He had directed more than 40 plays by 1905, when he became famous for his creative staging of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. He bought Berlin’s Deutsches Theater and remodeled it with the latest inno¬ vations in scenic design and lighting. Known for the extravagant theat¬ ricality and stunning visual effects of his productions, he won much praise for his staging of the religious spectacle The Miracle (1911). In 1920 he cofounded the Salzburg Festival, where he staged Jedermann (an adap¬ tation of Everyman ) in the cathedral square. He left Germany in 1933 and eventually settled in the U.S. A major influence on 20th-century drama, he helped increase the creative authority of the director.
Reinsurance Treaty (June 18, 1887) Secret agreement between Ger¬ many and Russia. Arranged by Otto von Bismarck after the collapse of the Three Emperors' League, it provided that each party would remain neutral if either became involved in a war with a third nation, and that this would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia attacked Austria. Ger¬ many acknowledged the Russian sphere of influence in Bulgaria. After the treaty was not renewed in 1890, a Franco-Russian alliance began to take shape.
Rejang River See Rajang River
relapsing fever Infectious disease with recurring fever, caused by several spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, transmitted by lice, ticks, and bedbugs. Onset is sudden, with high fever, which breaks within a week with profuse sweating. Symptoms return about a week later. There may be 2 to 10 relapses, usually decreasing in severity. Mortality usually ranges from 0 to 6%, up to 30% in rare epidemics. Central nervous sys¬ tem involvement causes various (usually mild) neurological symptoms. The first microscopic organisms clearly associated with serious human disease (1867-68), the spirochetes mutate repeatedly, changing their anti¬ gens so that the host’s immunity no longer is effective, which produces the relapses. Antibiotics can be effective, but inadequate therapy may leave spirochetes alive in the brain, and they may reinvade the blood¬ stream.
relation In logic, a relation R is defined as a set of ordered pairs, triples, quadruples, and so on. A set of ordered pairs is called a two-place (or dyadic) relation; a set of ordered triples is a three-place (or triadic) rela¬ tion; and so on. In general, a relation is any set of ordered n-tuples of objects. Important properties of relations include symmetry, transitivity, and reflexivity. Consider a two-place (or dyadic) relation R. R can be said to be symmetrical if, whenever R holds between x and y, it also holds
The cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, Fr.
PAUL ALMASY
Django Reinhardt, 1947
COURTESY OF DOWN BEAT MAGAZINE
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
relational database ► Religious Science I 1605
between y and x (symbolically, (Vx) (Vy) [Rxy =d Ryx]); an example of a symmetrical relation is “x is parallel to y.” R is transitive if, whenever it holds between one object and a second and also between that second object and a third, it holds between the first and the third (symbolically, (Vx) (Vy) (Vz ) L(Rxy a Ryz) z> Rxz]); an example is “x is greater than y.” R is reflexive if it always holds between any object and itself (sym¬ bolically, (Vx) Rxx); an example is “x is at least as tall as y” since x is always also “at least as tall” as itself.
relational database Database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The relational approach supports queries that involve several tables by providing automatic links across tables. Payroll data, for example, can be stored in one table and personnel benefits data in another; complete infor¬ mation on an employee can be obtained by joining the tables on employee identification number. In more powerful relational data models, entries can be programs, text, unstructured data in the form of binary large objects (BLOBs), or any other format the user requires. The relational approach is currently the most popular model for database management system. See also OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
relative density See specific gravity
relativism Any view that maintains that the truth or falsity of state¬ ments of a certain class depends on the person making the statement or upon his circumstances or society. Historically the most prevalent form of relativism has been See also ethical relativism.