remanent magnetism See paleomagnetism
Remarque \r3-'mark\, Erich Maria orig. Erich Paul Kramer (b.
June 22, 1898, Osnabriick, Ger.—d. Sept. 25, 1970, Locarno, Switz.) German-bom U.S.-Swiss novelist. Drafted into the German army at age 18, he served in World War I and was wounded several times. He is chiefly remembered for All Quiet on the Western Front (1929), a brutally real¬ istic account of the daily routine of ordinary soldiers and perhaps the best-known and most representative novel about that war. He moved to the U.S. in 1939 and became a U.S. citizen but settled in Switzerland after World War II. His other works include The Road Back (1931), Arc de Triomphe (1946; film, 1948), and The Black Obelisk (1956).
Rembrandt (Harmenszoon) van Rijn \rin\ (b. July 15, 1606, Leiden, Neth.—d. Oct. 4, 1669, Amsterdam) Dutch painter and etcher. The son of a prosperous miller in Leiden, he was apprenticed to masters there and in Amsterdam. His early works show the spotlight effects of light and shadow that were to dominate his later works. After moving to Amsterdam in 1631, he quickly became the city’s most fashionable portrait painter, and in 1632 he was commissioned to paint the celebrated Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp. Yearning for recognition as a biblical and mythological painter, in 1635 he produced his Sacrifice of Isaac and in 1636 the uncon¬ ventional masterpiece Danae. In 1634 he married Saskia van Uylenburgh, a woman of property, and he painted many tender pictures of her until 1642, when Saskia died. That same year he completed his largest painting, the extraordinary but controversial The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (known as The Night Watch), which was a watershed in his life and art. His portrait commissions thereafter declined and he turned increasingly to etchings and biblical subjects. His Christ at Emmaus (1648) exemplifies the quiet dignity and vulnerability of his later spirituality. In 1656, after transferring most of his property to his son, he applied for bank¬ ruptcy. In his last decade he treated biblical subjects like portraits, and also did a wealth of self-portraits; many of these paintings evoke a timeless world of quiet, deep emotion. His paintings are characterized by luxuriant brush work, rich colour, and a mastery of chiaroscuro. The silent human fig¬ ure, Rembrandt’s central subject, contributes to the sense of a shared dia¬ logue between viewer and picture, the foundation of Rembrandt’s greatness and of his popularity today.
Remington, Eliphalet (b. Oct. 28, 1793, Suffield, Conn., U.S.—d. Aug. 12, 1861, Ilion, N.Y.) U.S. firearms manufacturer and inventor. The son of a blacksmith, he grew up on his father’s farm near Utica, N.Y., where he made his first flintlock rifle (1816). In 1828 he built a large arms factory at present-day Ilion, N.Y. He and his son Philo improved arms manufacture with the reflection method of straightening gun barrels and the first successful cast-steel, drilled rifle barrel made in the U.S. In 1847 he supplied the U.S. Navy with its first breech-loading rifle. His Rem¬ ington Arms Co. made small arms for the U.S. government during the American Civil War and World Wars I and II.
Remington, Frederic (b. Oct. 4, 1861, Canton, N.Y., U.S.—d. Dec. 26, 1909, near Ridgefield, Conn.) U.S. painter, illustrator, sculptor, and war correspondent. He studied at Yale University and New York’s Art Students League. He traveled widely and specialized in depicting Native Americans, cowboys, soldiers, horses, and other aspects of life in the American West. His work is notable for its rendering of swift action and its accuracy of detail. He covered the Spanish-American War (1898) as a correspondent. The countless reproductions of his works as newspaper engravings brought him wealth and fame.
remora Vre-mo-roV or sharksucker or suckerfish Any of 8-10 species of marine fishes (family Ech- eneidae) noted for attaching them¬ selves to, and riding about on, sharks, other marine animals, and oceango¬ ing ships. Remoras adhere by means of a flat, oval sucking disk on top of the head. They are thin and dark, 1-3 ft (30-90 cm) long. They live in warm waters worldwide, feeding on the leavings or the external parasites of their hosts.
ren or jen \'ren\ In Confucianism, the most basic of all virtues, vari¬ ously translated as “humaneness” or “benevolence.” It originally denoted the kindness of rulers to subjects. Confucius identified ren as perfect virtue, and Mencius made it the distin¬ guishing characteristic of humanity. In Neo-Confucianism it was a moral quality imparted by Heaven.
Renaissance Vre-no-.sansV French "Rebirth" Late medieval cultural movement in Europe. The Renaissance brought renewed interest in Clas¬ sical learning and values to Italy and subsequently the rest of western and central Europe from the late 13th to the early 17th century. Attracted by the values and rhetorical eloquence of ancient writers, figures such as Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Lorenzo Valla rejected medieval Scho¬ lasticism in favour of human-centred forms of philosophy and literature. In northern Europe, Desiderius Erasmus cultivated Christian humanism, and writers such as Francois Rabelais and William Shakespeare produced works that emphasized the intricacies of human character. Inspired by ancient Greece and Rome, Renaissance painters and sculptors took the visible world for their subject and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective. The new aesthetic found expres¬ sion in the works of Italian artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Bot¬ ticelli, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo, and the Italian city of Florence became the centre of Renaissance art. The term has also been applied to cultural revivals in England in the 8th century, the Frankish kingdoms in the 9th century, and Europe in the 12th century. See also Renaissance ARCHITECTURE.
Renaissance architecture Style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, that originated in Florence in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style. There was a revival of ancient Roman forms, including the column and round arch, the tunnel vault, and the dome. The basic design element was the order. Knowledge of Classical architecture came from the ruins of ancient buildings and the writings of Vitruvius. As in the Classical period, proportion was the most important factor of beauty; Renaissance archi¬ tects found a harmony between human proportions and buildings. This concern for proportion resulted in clear, easily comprehended space and mass, which distinguishes the Renaissance style from the more complex Gothic. Filippo Brunelleschi is considered the first Renaissance architect. Leon Battista Alberti’s Ten Books on Architecture, inspired by Vitruvius, became a bible of Renaissance architecture. From Florence the early Renaissance style spread through Italy. Donato Bramante’s move to Rome ushered in the High Renaissance (c. 1500-20). Mannerism, the style of the Late Renaissance (1520-1600), was characterized by sophistication, complexity, and novelty rather than the harmony, clarity, and repose of the High Renaissance. The Late Renaissance also saw much architectural theorizing, with Sebastiano Serlio (1475-1554), Giacomo da Vignola (1507-1573), and Andrea Palladio publishing influential books.
renal cell carcinoma or hypernephroma Malignant tumour of the cells that cover and line the kidney. It usually affects persons over age 50 who have vascular disorders of the kidneys. It seldom causes pain, unless it is advanced. It may metastasize to other organs (e.g., lungs, liver, brain, bone) and go unrecognized until these secondary tumours cause symptoms. Blood can appear in the urine early on but is painless and usu¬ ally disregarded. Even when the cancer is in the early stages. X-ray films can show deformity in kidney structures.