restaurant Establishment where refreshments or meals are served to paying guests. Though inns and taverns served simple fare to travelers for centuries, the first modern restaurant where guests could order from a var¬ ied menu is thought to have belonged to A. Boulanger, a soup vendor who opened his business in Paris in 1765. The sign above his door advertised restoratives, or restaurants, referring to his soups and broths. By 1804 Paris had more than 500 restaurants, and France soon became internationally famous for its cuisine. Other European restaurants include the Italian trat- torie, taverns featuring local specialties; the German Weinstuben, informal restaurants with a large wine selection; the Spanish tapas bars, which serve a wide variety of appetizers; and the public houses of England. Asian res¬ taurants include the Japanese sushi bars and teahouses serving formal Kai- seki cuisine as well as the noodle shops of China. Most U.S. restaurant innovations have revolved around speed. The cafeteria originated in San Francisco during the 1849 gold rush; cafeterias feature self-service and offer a variety of foods displayed on counters. The U.S. also pioneered fast- food restaurants such as White Castle (founded 1921) and McDonald’s (see Ray Kroc), usually operated as chains and offering limited menus.
Reston, James (Barrett) (b. Nov. 3, 1909, Clydebank, Dumbarton¬ shire, Scot.—d. Dec. 6, 1995, Washington, D.C., U.S.) Scottish-born U.S. columnist and editor. His family moved to the U.S. when he was 10 years old. He was a sportswriter before joining The New York Times in 1939, where he worked as a reporter, a nationally syndicated columnist, Wash¬ ington bureau chief (1953-64), executive editor (1968-69), and vice president (1969-74) before retiring in 1989. One of the most influential U.S. journalists, he had unrivaled personal access to U.S. presidents and world leaders and was often the first to break major stories. He won two Pulitzer Prizes (1945, 1957), helped create the first Op-Ed page (1970; a forum for columnists’ opinion pieces), and recruited and trained many talented young journalists.
1922, Vannes, France) French film
Resnais
COURTESY OF THE FRENCH FILM OFFICE, NEW YORK
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Restoration ► retriever I 1611
tertiary ^ bronchus
upper or
-left
primary or principal bronchus
secondary
bronchus
nasal turbinate
epiglottis pharynx -
nasal cavity "vestibule of the nose
‘-oral cavity
diaphragm
terminal bronchiole
larynx
trachea
superior lobe
horizontal
fissure
lower
oblique
fissure
inferior
lobe
bronchiole
respiratory
bronchiole
a veo us
alveolar duct
a veo ar sac
As air enters the nasal cavity through the nostrils, it is warmed and moistened by mucous membranes of the nasal turbinates before entering the pharynx. Stiff hairs lining the vestibule inside the nostrils help filter the entering air. The air-filled sinuses adjacent to the nasal cavity produce mucus. The larynx connects the pharynx with the trachea or windpipe. The cartilaginous epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing. A left and right primary bronchus supply each lung with air from the trachea. They divide into smaller secondary and tertiary bronchi; the smallest divisions, bronchioles, lead to the cup-shaped, thin-walled alveoli, which occur in clusters (alveolar sacs). Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and surrounding capillaries. Oblique fissures or grooves of each lung separate the upper lobe from the lower lobe. The horizontal, or trans¬ verse, fissure of the right lung forms a middle lobe. Movement of the diaphragm along with the ribs and rib muscles causes expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.
© MERRIAM-WEBSTER INC.
Restoration Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660-85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy. The period, which also included the reign of James II (1685-88), was marked by an expansion in colonial trade, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and a revival of drama and litera¬ ture (see Restoration literature).
Restoration literature English literature written after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the period of the Commonwealth. Some literary historians equate its era with the reign of Charles II (1660-85), while others add the reign of James II (1685-88). Many typical modern lit¬ erary forms (e.g., the novel, biography, history, travel writing, and journal¬ ism) began to develop with sureness during the Restoration period. Pamphlets and poetry (notably that of John Dryden) flourished, but the age is chiefly remembered for its glittering, critical, and often bawdy comedies of manners by such playwrights as George Etherege, Thomas Shadwell, Wil¬ liam Wycherly, John Vanbrugh, William Congreve, and George Farquhar.
restraint of trade Preventing of free competition in business by some action or condition such as price-fixing or the creation of a monopoly. The U.S. has a long-standing policy of maintaining competition among busi¬ ness enterprises through antitrust laws, the best-known of which, the Sher¬ man Antitrust Act of 1890, declared illegal “every contract, combination...or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.”
restriction enzyme Protein (more specifically, an endonuclease) pro¬ duced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along its length.
Thousands have been found, from many different bacteria; each recog¬ nizes a specific nucleotide sequence. In the living bacterial cell, these enzymes destroy the DNA of certain invading viRUSes (bacteriophages), thus placing a “restriction” on the number of viral strains that can cause infec¬ tion; the bacterium’s own DNA is protected from cleavage by methyl (—CH 3 ) groups, which are added by enzymes at the recognition sites to mask them. In the laboratory, restriction enzymes allow researchers to isolate DNA fragments of interest, such as those that contain genes, and to recombine them with other DNA molecules; for this reason they have become very powerful tools of recombinant DNA biotechnology (see DNA RECOMBINATION).
restrictive covenant In property law, an agreement acknowledged in a deed or lease that restricts the free use or occupancy of property, such as by forbidding commercial use or certain types of structures. The restric¬ tive covenant is as old as the law of property, being well-established in Roman law. The term is also used in business law to refer to an agree¬ ment whereby one party promises not to engage in the same business or a similar business in a particular area for a period of time.
retailing Selling of merchandise directly to the consumer. Retailing began several thousand years ago with peddlers hawking their wares at the earliest marketplaces. It is extremely competitive, and the failure rate of retail establishments is relatively high. Price is the most important arena of competition, but other factors include convenience of location, selec¬ tion and display of merchandise, attractiveness of the establishment, and reputation. The diversity of retailing is evident in the many forms it now takes, including vending machines, door-to-door and telephone sales, direct- mail marketing, the Internet, discount houses, specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, and consumer cooperatives.
retaining wall or revetment Wall constructed to hold in place a mass of earth or prevent the erosion of an embankment. It may also be battered, with the face inclined toward the load it is bearing. The most basic type of reinforced retaining wall is the massive concrete gravity wall, which is prevented from falling over by the sheer weight and vol¬ ume of its mass. A cantilever (L-shaped) retaining wall resists overturn¬ ing by means of cantilever footings, spread footings (see foundation) shaped to resist overturning and sliding.