cian, business executive, and philanthropist. She went to Australia in 1902, where she opened a beauty salon in which she offered free consul-
J tation along with a special cream brought from Poland. Experiencing an
immediate success there, she returned to Europe, opening a salon in Lon¬ don in 1908 and another in Paris in 1912. In 1914 she immigrated to the U.S. to open salons in New York and other cities. She began wholesale distribution of her products in 1917. After World War II she built facto¬ ries on five continents. In 1953 she established the Helena Rubinstein Foundation to coordinate her gifts to museums, colleges, and institutions for the needy.
Rublev \r3b-'lyof\, Andrei or Andrei Rublyov (b. c. 1360, Russia—d. 1430) Russian painter. He was trained wholly in the stylized tradition of Byzantine art, but to the more humanistic approach it had adopted by the 14th century he added a truly Russian element, a complete unworldliness that distinguishes his work from that of his predecessors and successors. He assisted Theophanes the Greek in decorating the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow. The greatest of medieval Rus¬ sian ICON painters, he is best known for The Old Testament Trinity (c. 1410). He became a monk fairly late in life.
rubrication V.rii-bri-'ka-shonV In calligraphy and typography, the use of handwriting or type of a different colour on a page, derived from the practice of setting off liturgical directions, headings of statutes, and the
like in red. Specifically, it applied to the rules prescribed for the conduct of religious services as set forth in breviaries, prayer books, and mis¬ sals. Though red is the traditional colour for rubrication (from Latin, rubricare: “to colour red”), the term is now extended to include inks of other colours either applied by hand or printed.
ruby Gemstone composed of trans¬ parent red corundum. Its colour var¬ ies from deep to pale red, in some cases with a tinge of purple, depend¬ ing on chromium and iron content; the most valued is a pigeon-blood red. When it is cut and polished, ruby is a brilliant (light-deflecting) stone, but it lacks fire (flashes of colour).
Ruby is a mineral of very limited dis¬ tribution. Its best-known source is in Myanmar, and rubies have also been found in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere. Rubies have been produced synthetically with much success; those containing 2.5% chromic oxide have the prized pigeon-blood red colour.
Rude VriEdV Francois (b. Jan. 4, 1784, Dijon, Fr.—d. Nov. 3, 1855, Paris) French sculptor. He won the Prix de Rome in 1812 but was pre¬ vented from going to Rome by the Napoleonic Wars. His early work was in the Neoclassical tradition, but he was uncomfortable within its restric¬ tions and soon adopted a dynamic, emotional style that might be called Romantic-Realist. An ardent Bonapartist, he is best known for Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (1833-36) on the Arc de Triomphe; popularly called La Marseillaise, it catches the martial spirit of the Napoleonic era.
Rudolf (b. Aug. 21, 1858, Schloss Laxenburg, near Vienna, Austria—d. Jan. 30, 1889, Schloss Mayerling, near Vienna) Archduke and crown prince of Austria. The son of Emperor Francis Joseph, he received a broad education and traveled widely. As heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, he hoped to bring reform to the empire, but his liberal views alienated his father, and he was excluded from the business of government. From 1881 he considered having himself crowned king of Hungary and reviving a kingdom of Poland. He then became despondent and allegedly formed a suicide pact with his mistress, Maria Vetsera; the two were found shot dead in the hunting lodge at Mayerling. Efforts to disguise the facts pro¬ voked many rumours, while romantic writers found inspiration in the story.
Rudolf I or Rudolf of Habsburg (b. May 1, 1218, Limburg-im- Breisgau—d. July 15, 1291, Speyer) First German king (1273-91) of the Habsburg dynasty. He inherited lands in Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau and extended his territory by marriage and through negotiation. Crowned king in 1273, he was recognized by Pope Gregory X only after promis¬ ing to lead a new Crusade and to renounce imperial rights in Rome, the papal territories, and Italy. Rudolf defeated his rival Otakar II (1276, 1278) and gained lands in Austria, which he granted to his sons. He worked to combat the expansionist policies of France, but French influ¬ ence at the papal court kept him from being crowned Holy Roman emperor. Although he created the core of later Habsburg territorial power, Rudolf was unable to make the throne a hereditary possession of his fam¬ ily, because the German electors would not raise his son to the kingship.
Rudolf, Lake or Lake Turkana Lake, mainly in northern Kenya. The fourth largest of the eastern African lakes, it lies 1,230 ft (375 m) above sea level in the Great Rift Valley and covers an area of 2,473 sq mi (6,405 sq km). The three main islands in the lake are volcanic. The lake is relatively shallow; its greatest recorded depth is 240 ft (73 m). Having no outlet, the lake’s waters are brackish. Sudden storms are frequent, ren¬ dering navigation treacherous. It is a rich reservoir of fish.
Rudolph, Wilma (Glodean) (b. June 23, 1940, St. Bethlehem, Tenn., U.S.—d. Nov. 12, 1994, Brentwood, Tenn.) U.S. sprinter. She was a sickly child who wore an orthopedic shoe until she was 11. She matured into an excellent basketball player and sprinter in high school and at Ten¬ nessee State University. At the 1960 Olympics in Rome she won the 100-m and 200-m dashes and was a member of the winning 4 x 100-m
Anton Rubinstein
COURTESY OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF MUSIC, LONDON
Detail showing the use of rubrication from the Gellone Sacramentary, 8th century (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, MS. lot. 12048, fol. 40)
COURTESY OF THE BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE, PARIS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Rudolphi's rorqual ► Rumi I 1651
relay team. She became the first American woman to win three track- and-field gold medals in a single Olympics.
Rudolphi's rorqual See sei whale
rue family or citrus family
Family Rutaceae, made up of about 1,700 species of woody shrubs and trees (and a few herbaceous perenni¬ als) in 160 genera. Valuable for tim¬ ber, edible fruits, and as ornamentals, members are found worldwide in warm temperate and tropical regions.
The flowers are conspicuous for their colour, fragrance, and nectar. Eco¬ nomically important fruits in the family include the lemon, lime,
ORANGE, GRAPEFRUIT, CITRON, and KUM- quat. Among the ornamentals are common rue (Ruta graveolens) and the unusual burning bush, or gas plant, ( Dictamnus albus), whose aro¬ matic leaves contain oil glands that, when squeezed, release a gas ignit- able by a match.
ruffed grouse North American species (. Bonasa umbellus) of GROUSE, sometimes incorrectly called a partridge. Ruffed grouse live mainly on berries, fruits, seeds, and buds but also eat much animal food. They are 16-20 in. (40-50 cm) long and have feathered lower legs and a black band on the fan-shaped tail. The male’s ruff consists of erectile black feathers on the sides of the neck. Males beat their wings rapidly against the air (called drumming) to proclaim their territory.
Ruffin, Edmund (b. Jan. 5, 1794, Prince George county, Va., U.S.—d. June 18,1865, Amelia county, Va.)U.S. agriculturist and secessionist. Edu¬ cated largely at home, he managed his father’s tobacco plantation from 1813. He found that overuse and poor farming methods produced an acid soil unable to retain fertilizers; in 1832 he published an influential book advocating the use of marl to reduce soil acidity, which helped restore Southern plantations to productivity. He also published the Farmer’s Reg¬ ister (1833-42) and lectured widely on agriculture. In the 1850s he defended slavery and advocated secession. He fired one of the first shots at Fort Sumter (1861). Unable to accept the South’s defeat, he killed himself.